Nā ʻenehana Photogrammetry i nā palapala Archaeological
ʻO ka palapala ʻana kekahi o nā pae koʻikoʻi loa i ka noiʻi ʻana i nā mea kālaihonua. ʻO kēlā me kēia ʻike—mai nā mea hana liʻiliʻi a me nā hiʻohiʻona stratigraphic a hiki i nā hale kahiko—he mea kū hoʻokahi a pinepine ʻaʻole hiki ke hana hou ʻia ma hope o ka ʻeli ʻana. No laila, pono nā mea kālaihonua i nā ʻano hoʻopaʻa pololei, kikoʻī, a kuleana. I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua puka mai ka photogrammetry ma ke ʻano he ʻenehana alakaʻi no ka palapala ʻana i nā wahi a me nā mea kālaihonua. Ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kiʻi i lawe ʻia mai nā kihi like ʻole, hiki i ka photogrammetry ke hana i nā hiʻohiʻona ʻekolu-dimensional (3D) pololei, me nā ʻano ʻike maka. Kūkākūkā kēia ʻatikala i nā manaʻo kumu, nā pae hana, nā pono, a me nā pilikia o ka photogrammetry i ka palapala ʻana i nā mea kālaihonua.
Ke Hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka Photogrammetry a me pehea e Hana ai
ʻO Photogrammetry ke ʻano hana o ke ana ʻana a me ke hoʻohālike ʻana i nā mea e pili ana i nā kiʻi paʻi. ʻO kāna kumu nui ka hana hou ʻana o nā ʻano 3D mai kahi moʻo o nā kiʻi 2D e uhi ana. Huli ka polokalamu i nā kiko maʻamau i nā kiʻi he nui (hiʻohiʻona hoʻohālikelike), a laila helu i nā kūlana kāmela a me ke ʻano o nā mea me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka triangulation. Hiki i nā hopena ke lilo i mau ao kiko paʻa (kahi hōʻiliʻili o nā kiko paʻa), nā meshes (nā ʻili polygonal), a me nā palapala ʻano (nā papa ʻano).
Ma ke ʻano he ʻano hana ʻeli honua, ʻo ka photogrammetry kahi ala hana ʻino ʻole a hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia ma ke kula (nā wahi ākea, nā hale, nā ʻeli ʻana) a ma ka hale hana hoʻokolohua (nā mea hana lima, nā iwi, nā ipu lepo, nā palapala). ʻO ka hui pū ʻana o ka ʻikepili ʻike maka a me ke geometric e lilo ia i mea pono loa no ka nānā ʻana a me ka paʻi ʻana.
No ke aha he mea nui ka Photogrammetry i ka Archaeology?
Ua lilo ka Photogrammetry i mea kaulana no ka mea hiki iā ia ke hoʻokō i nā pono o ka palapala archaeological, kahi e koi ai i ka pololei a me ka pono. ʻO nā ʻano hoʻopaʻa kuʻuna e like me nā kaha lima, nā ana lima, a me nā kiʻi paʻi maʻamau e mau ana ka mea nui, akā he mau palena ko lākou: he lōʻihi ka manawa, paʻakikī ke hopu i nā ʻano paʻakikī, a ʻaʻole lawa pinepine no ka nānā kikoʻī ʻana i ka wahi.
Me ka photogrammetry, hiki i nā mea kālaihonua ke:
1. E hoʻopaʻa koke i ke kūlana o ka wahi ma mua o ka ʻeli hohonu ʻana i nā papa.
2. Hoʻopuka i kahi kumu hoʻohālike 3D hiki ke hoʻonui ʻia, i hiki ke helu hou ʻia nā mamao, nā wahi a me nā leo i kēlā me kēia manawa.
3. E hana i nā waihona kikohoʻe paʻa, pono no ka mālama ʻana a me ka noiʻi hou ʻana.
4. E hoʻonui i ka moakāka ʻepekema, no ka mea, hiki ke kaʻana like ʻia ka ʻikepili no ka hōʻoia.
Nā Pae o ka Hoʻohana ʻana i ka Photogrammetry ma ke Kahua
Ma ke ʻano laulā, hahai ka Photogrammetry ma nā wahi archaeological i nā pae aʻe.
1. Hoʻolālā a me ka Hoʻomākaukau
Ma mua o ke pana ʻana, pono ka hui e hoʻoholo i nā pahuhopu: inā makemake lākou e hoʻopaʻa i ka wahi eli ʻia ai, nā hiʻohiʻona kikoʻī (e.g., nā papahele, nā paia, nā lua kupapaʻu), a i ʻole ke ʻano o ka wahi. Hoʻokomo pū ka hoʻolālā i ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka unahi, ka hoʻonā e pono ai, a me nā kūlana kukui.
He mea nui hoʻi e hoʻomākaukau i nā kiko hoʻomalu, e like me nā Ground Control Points (GCPs) a i ʻole nā unahi ana. ʻO nā GCP i ana ʻia me kahi GPS ʻokoʻa a i ʻole ke kahua holoʻokoʻa e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka pololei o ka georeferencing o ke kumu hoʻohālike 3D.
2. Ka Hopu Kiʻi (Loaʻa ʻIkepili)
ʻO ke ʻano o ke kumu hoʻohālike e hilinaʻi nui ʻia i ke ʻano o ke kiʻi. ʻO kekahi o nā kumumanaʻo nui o ka photogrammetry:
– Kiʻekiʻe ka hoʻopili ʻana: ma kahi o 70–80% ma waena o nā kiʻi.
– Nā kihi pana like ʻole: nā kiʻi mai luna a mai ka ʻaoʻao i hiki ke hopu ʻia nā kikoʻī o ke ʻano.
– Ke kālele mau ʻana a me ka ʻike ʻana: e pale i nā kiʻi blurry a i ʻole nā kiʻi ʻeleʻele/mālamalama loa.
– Ke kukui paʻa: hiki i nā aka ʻoi ke paʻakikī i ke kūkulu hou ʻana; ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ke kiʻi ʻana i ka mālamalama like.
Ma ke kahua, hiki ke hoʻohana lima ʻia nā kāmela, kau ʻia ma luna o kahi tripod, a hoʻohana ʻia paha me nā drones no nā wahi nui. No ka palapala ʻeli ʻana i ka ʻilikai, he mea maʻamau loa ke kiʻi ʻana i ka nadir (kū pololei mai luna mai).
3. Ka Hana ʻana ma ka Polokalamu
Ke hōʻiliʻili ʻia nā kiʻi, hana ʻia ka ʻikepili me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā polokalamu photogrammetry (e.g., Agisoft Metashape, RealityCapture, a i ʻole nā polokalamu open-source e like me Meshroom). ʻO nā ʻanuʻu hana maʻamau e komo pū me:
- Hoʻohālikelike i nā kiʻi: hoʻoholo i ke kūlana o ke kāmela a hana i kahi ao kiko kakaikahi.
– Kūkulu i ke Ao Mānoanoa: hana i kahi hōʻiliʻili o nā kiko mānoanoa.
– Kūkulu i ka Mesh: kūkulu i ka ʻili o ke kumu hoʻohālike.
– Kūkulu i ke ʻano: hoʻopili i kahi ʻano kiʻi i ka ʻili.
– Scaling/Georeferencing: e hoʻokomo i ka unahi a i ʻole nā hoʻonohonoho o ka GCP i kūlike ke kumu hoʻohālike me ka nui maoli.
Hiki ke hoʻokuʻu ʻia aku nā hopena hope loa i nā ʻano like ʻole (OBJ, FBX, LAS/PLY, GeoTIFF orthomosaic) no ka nānā hou aku.
4. Nā Huahana Palapala: Nā Orthophotos, nā Hoʻohālike 3D, a me nā Palapala ʻĀina
Hoʻopuka ka Photogrammetry i nā hopena waiwai nui, me:
– Orthophoto/orthomosaic: he kiʻi ʻike luna i hoʻoponopono ʻia no ka hoʻopilikia ʻana o ka kuanaʻike a hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he palapala ʻāina.
– Nā hiʻohiʻona 3D i kālai ʻia: kūpono no ka nānā ʻana a me ka nānā ʻana i ke ʻano.
– Digital Elevation Model (DEM): he kumu hoʻohālike kiʻekiʻe e kōkua ana i nā haʻawina micro-topographic ma kahi kahua.
Hiki ke hoʻohui ʻia kēia huahana me GIS no ka nānā ʻana i ka wahi, no ka laʻana ke kaha kiʻi ʻana i ka hoʻolaha ʻana o nā ʻike a i ʻole ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka pilina ma waena o nā hiʻohiʻona.
Photogrammetry no nā mea hana lima a me nā mea i loaʻa liʻiliʻi
Ma waho aʻe o nā wahi, he kūpono loa ka photogrammetry no nā mea hana liʻiliʻi e like me nā ipu lepo, nā mea hana pōhaku, nā kiʻi, a i ʻole nā palapala i kākau ʻia. Lawe pinepine ʻia nā kiʻi ma kahi ʻano i kāohi ʻia me kahi kua kūlike ʻole, nā kukui hoʻolaha, a me kahi papa e wili ana e hōʻoia i nā kihi like.
ʻO kona pono nui ka hiki ke hopu i nā kikoʻī liʻiliʻi, e like me nā māka o ke komo ʻana, nā mea hoʻonaninani, a i ʻole nā māwae. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā hiʻohiʻona 3D o nā mea hana lima i:
- Ke kūkulu hou ʻana o nā ʻāpana kikohoʻe,
- Ke hana ʻana i nā kope ma o ka paʻi 3D,
– Nā hōʻikeʻike virtual ma nā hale hōʻikeʻike.
Nā Pōmaikaʻi o ka Photogrammetry i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā ʻano hana ʻē aʻe
Hoʻohālikelike pinepine ʻia ka Photogrammetry me ka laser scanning (LiDAR/terrestrial laser scanning). Hiki i nā mea ʻelua ke hana i nā hiʻohiʻona 3D, akā he nui nā pono o ka photogrammetry:
- Nā kumukūʻai haʻahaʻa, no ka mea, he kāmela a me ka polokalamu wale nō ka mea e pono ai.
– ʻOi aku ka maoli o ke ʻano o ka ʻike maka, no ka mea, hoʻohana ia i nā kiʻi.
- Hiki ke hoʻololi no nā unahi like ʻole, mai nā mea hana a hiki i nā ʻāina me nā drones.
Eia nō naʻe, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka nānā ʻana o ka laser i nā kūlana haʻahaʻa o ka mālamalama a hiki ke paʻa ma luna o nā ʻili i ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ke ʻano. I ka hana maoli, hoʻohui nā papahana archaeological he nui i nā mea ʻelua.
Nā Pilikia a me nā Palena
ʻOiai he mea pono loa ia, aia nā pilikia o ka photogrammetry e pono e manaʻo ʻia:
1. He paʻakikī ke kūkulu hou ʻana i nā ʻili like a ʻālohilohi paha (e laʻa me ka pōhaku i wili ʻia, ka metala ʻālohilohi) ma muli o ka nele o nā kiko hiʻona.
2. Hiki i nā mea kanu a me nā mea e neʻe ana (nā kānaka e hele ana, e puhi ana i nā lau) ke hoʻokomo i ka walaʻau i loko o ke kumu hoʻohālike.
3. Ka mana kamepiula: ʻo ka hana ʻana i nā kiʻi hoʻonā kiʻekiʻe e pono ai kahi kamepiula me ka RAM a me ka GPU kūpono.
4. Hoʻokele ʻikepili: hiki i nā faila kiʻi a me nā hopena hana ke nui loa, e koi ana i kahi ʻōnaehana mālama maʻemaʻe a me ka metadata.
5. Aia ka pololei ma ka kaohi unahi: me ka ʻole o nā GCP a i ʻole nā ana unahi, hiki i kahi kumu hoʻohālike 3D ke "maikaʻi" i ka ʻike maka akā ʻaʻole kūpono no nā ana ʻepekema.
No laila, ʻōlelo nui ʻia nā kūlana hana kahua, ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana o nā palena o ke kāmela, a me nā kaʻina hana ana kaohi.
Nā hopena no ka mālama ʻana a me ka hoʻolaha ʻana i ka lehulehu
ʻAʻole wale nā mea noiʻi e pōmaikaʻi ai ka Photogrammetry akā ʻo nā mea mālama a me ka lehulehu. ʻAe nā hiʻohiʻona 3D i ka nānā ʻana i nā pōʻino i ka hala ʻana o ka manawa, no ka laʻana, ma nā kiʻi luakini i hoʻopau ʻia. Eia kekahi, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā hopena photogrammetry no nā kumu hoʻonaʻauao, nā huakaʻi kahua virtual, a me nā mea hōʻikeʻike pānaʻi. No laila, kōkua ka photogrammetry i ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka noiʻi kula me nā pono o ka mālama ʻana a me ke kamaʻilio lehulehu.
Ka hopena
Ua lilo nā ʻano hana Photogrammetry i mea hana koʻikoʻi i nā palapala archaeological hou. Me ka hiki ke hana i nā hiʻohiʻona 3D pololei i waiwai i nā kikoʻī ʻike maka, hoʻonui ka photogrammetry i ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana, ka nānā ʻana, a me ka mālama ʻana i ka ʻikepili archaeological. ʻOiai he mau palena kona—e like me ka pono no ka overlap kiʻekiʻe, ka kaohi unahi, a me ka hana ʻikepili koi—hiki ke lanakila ʻia kēia mau pilikia ma o ka hoʻolālā akahele a me nā kaʻina hana maʻamau. I waena o ka ulu ʻana o ka pono no ka mālama ʻana a me ke komo ʻana i ka ʻike, hāʻawi ka photogrammetry i nā mea kālaihonua i kahi ala hou e hoʻopaʻa ai i ka wā i hala me ka pololei nui, ka transparency, a me ka hoʻoilina o nā waihona kikohoʻe lōʻihi.
Inā makemake ʻoe, hiki iaʻu ke hoʻololi i kēia ʻatikala i ʻoi aku ka naʻauao (me nā ʻōlelo kuhikuhi a me kahi papa inoa puke), a i ʻole e hoʻololi i kona nānā ʻana i ka drone photogrammetry, nā palapala ʻeli stratigraphic, a i ʻole ka photogrammetry artifact hale hōʻikeʻike.
