ʻIke ʻAna i ka Moana a me ka ʻImi Moana
ʻO ka ʻimi ʻana i ke kai kahi aʻo e hoʻohui i nā ʻano o ka ʻimi ʻana i ke kai a me ka ʻepekema kai e aʻo, mālama, a wehewehe i nā hōʻike moʻomeheu e pili ana i ke kai, nā kahakai, a me nā wai o uka. ʻO ka ʻimi ʻana i ke kai, ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ʻo ia ka hoʻoikaika ʻana o ke kanaka e hoʻomaopopo a ʻimi i ke kai, e pili ana i ka noiʻi ʻepekema, ka ʻike ʻenehana, a me ka ʻike hou aku e pili ana i nā kaiaolaola kai, nā au, a me nā kumuwaiwai ma lalo o ka ʻili. Hoʻokō kēia mau kahua ʻelua kekahi i kekahi i nā hoʻoikaika ʻana o ke kanaka e hoʻomaopopo i ka mōʻaukala a me ka hiki o ke kai.
Moʻolelo o ka ʻIkehonua Moana
Ua ulu wikiwiki ka ʻimi ʻana i ka ʻike kai mai ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kenekulia 20. ʻO ka noiʻi ʻimi ʻana mua i kālele ʻia ma nā wahi ma lalo o ka wai i mālama ʻia i ka makahiki 1900 e ka mea ʻimi ʻike Helene ʻo Valerios Stais, nāna i alakaʻi i nā ʻeli ʻana ma ka moku i pohō ʻia ʻo Antikythera. ʻO ka loaʻa ʻana o ka mīkini Antikythera, kahi mea hana mīkini kahiko i manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia kekahi o nā kamepiula analog mua, ua hoʻomākaukau i ke ala no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka ʻimi ʻana i ka ʻike kai ma ke ʻano he aʻo koʻikoʻi .
Ma hope o kēia ʻike ʻana, ua ulu nui ka noiʻi ʻana i nā mea ʻeli honua kai mahalo i ka holomua o ka ʻenehana luʻu. ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka scuba (Self-Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus) i nā makahiki 1940 a me ka holomua ʻana i ka sonar a me ka ʻenehana Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV) i hiki ai i nā mea noiʻi ke ʻimi i ka hohonu o ke kai me ka palekana a me ka maikaʻi.
Nā ʻenehana a me ke ʻano hana o ka Maritime Archaeology
ʻAʻole ʻokoʻa loa ke ʻano o ka ʻeli ʻana o ke kai mai ke ʻeli ʻana o ke kai honua, akā hōʻike ia i nā pilikia kūikawā ma muli o ke ʻano o ke kaiapuni ma lalo o ka wai. ʻO kekahi o nā pilikia nui loa, ʻo ia ke kūlana kino o ka wahi, kahi i hoʻopilikia ʻia e nā mea e like me ke au o ke kai, ke kaomi wai, a me nā loli o ka mahana. No ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i kēia mau pilikia, hoʻohana nā mea ʻeli ʻana o ke kai i nā ʻano hana kūikawā like ʻole, me:
1. Palapala ʻĀina ma lalo o ka wai: Ke hoʻohana nei i nā mea hana e like me ka sonar, lidar, a me ke photogrammetry e hana i nā hōʻike ʻekolu-dimensional o nā wahi ma lalo o ka wai.
2. ʻEli ʻana a me ka Palapala: Ke hoʻohana nei i nā lako luʻu kūikawā a me nā kaʻina hana palapala kikoʻī e hōʻoia i ka loaʻa ʻana o nā mea hana lima a mālama ʻia i ke kūlana maikaʻi loa.
3. Ka Nānā ʻana i ka Hale Hoʻokolohua: ʻO nā mea hana i loaʻa mai ke kai e pono pinepine i ka mālama kūikawā e wehe i ka paʻakai a pale i ka palaho ʻana.
Eia kekahi laʻana, ʻo ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻano hana dendrochronology (ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i nā lāʻau) ma ka lāʻau i pohō ʻia e hiki ke hāʻawi i ka ʻike e pili ana i ka makahiki o ka moku a me ke kumu o ka lāʻau i hoʻohana ʻia. Eia kekahi, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ke ʻano hana isotope oxygen e hoʻoholo ai i nā kūlana loli o ka mahana o ke kai i ka wā o ka moku i ka lawelawe ʻana.
Ka ʻImi ʻAna i ke Kai
Hoʻopili ka ʻimi ʻana i ke kai i nā hana āpau e hoʻomaopopo a ʻimi i nā moana o ka honua. Hoʻokomo pū kēia i ka noiʻi ʻepekema i nā kaiaolaola kai, ka honua o ka papahele kai, nā au o ke kai, a me nā kumuwaiwai kūlohelohe. ʻO nā wahi i ʻimi ʻia ma lalo o ka wai ʻaʻole wale nā moku i pohō akā ʻo nā wahi awa pū kekahi, nā kūlanakauhale ma lalo o ka wai, a me nā kahua koa i piholo.
ʻEnehana ʻImi Moana:
1. ʻO nā ROV (Remotely Operated Vehicles) a me nā AUV (Autonomous Underwater Vehicles) ʻelua o nā ʻenehana holomua e hiki ai ke ʻimi i ke kai hohonu. ʻO nā ROV he mau robots i kāohi mamao ʻia i hoʻohana ʻia e hōʻiliʻili i ka ʻikepili a lawe i nā kiʻi a i ʻole nā laʻana i loko o nā wai hohonu.
2. Luʻu: He kaʻa e hiki ke lawe i nā mea noiʻi i ka hohonu o ke kai e hana i nā haʻawina pololei. ʻO ka wai luʻu kaulana ʻo Trieste, no ka laʻana, ua hōʻea pono i ka lalo o ka Mariana Trench, ka wahi hohonu loa ma ka Honua, i ka makahiki 1960.
3. ʻEnehana Satellite a me ka ʻIke Mamao: Hoʻohana ʻia no ka palapala ʻāina honua a me ka nānā ʻana i nā kūlana o ke kai, me nā ʻano o kēia manawa a me nā mahana o ka ʻilikai.
Ka ʻIke ʻana a me kona Hopena
ʻO ka ʻike ʻana i nā wahi ma lalo o ka wai e hāʻawi i nā ʻike waiwai nui i ka mōʻaukala moana kanaka. No ka laʻana, ʻo ka ʻike ʻana i nā moku kaua Roma ma ke Kai Mediterranean e hāʻawi i ka ʻike i ka mana koa a me nā hiki loea o Roma kahiko. I ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ʻo ka ʻike ʻana i nā alanui kahiko a me nā hale ma ke kai o Alexandria, ʻAigupita, e hōʻoia ana i nā moʻolelo o kahi kūlanakauhale kahiko i piholo.
Hāʻawi pū ka noiʻi ʻana i nā ʻeli honua moana i ko mākou ʻike i ke kālepa intercontinental i hala. ʻO ka loaʻa ʻana o nā moku i pohō i nā wai Kina i piha i nā mea hana mai ʻEulopa, Peresia, a me ʻArabia e hāʻawi ana i nā hōʻike o nā pūnaewele kālepa honua ma mua loa o ka wā o ka ʻimi ʻana o ʻEulopa.
Mālama a me ka Hoʻomalu ʻana
ʻO kahi ʻano koʻikoʻi o ka ʻeli ʻana o ke kai ka mālama ʻana a me ka mālama ʻana i nā wahi ma lalo o ka wai a me nā mea hana i loaʻa. Hiki i nā kūlana ma lalo o ka wai ke mālama i nā mea olaola, inā loaʻa ma ka ʻāina, e pala koke. Eia nō naʻe, i ka wā e loaʻa ai nā mea hana mai ka wai, pono lākou i ka mālama kūikawā e pale aku i ka hōʻino ʻia.
ʻO kahi laʻana kaulana ʻo ka moku kaua ʻo Mary Rose, he moku kaua Pelekane o ke kenekulia 16 i hāpai ʻia mai ka papakū o ke kai i ka makahiki 1982. Ma hope o kona hāpai ʻia ʻana, ua pono ka moku i nā makahiki o ka mālama ʻana e mālama i ke ʻano o kona lāʻau me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka polyethylene glycol.
Pono pū ka mālama ʻana i nā wahi ma lalo o ka wai i ka laulima honua e pale aku i ka ʻaihue ʻana i nā mea hana lima a me ka hōʻino ʻana i nā wahi ma muli o nā hana a kānaka. Ua ʻae ʻo UNESCO i ka Convention for the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage i ka makahiki 2001 e hāʻawi i kahi ʻōnaehana honua no ka pale ʻana i nā wahi ma lalo o ka wai.
Ka Hopena o ka ʻImi ʻana i ke Kai ma ka ʻEpekema a me ke Kaiāulu
Ua loaʻa i ka ʻimi ʻana i ke kai kahi hopena koʻikoʻi ʻaʻole wale i ka ʻepekema kai akā i ko mākou ʻike ʻana i ke kaiapuni o ka Honua. ʻO ka noiʻi ʻana i nā au o ke kai, nā ʻano neʻe ʻana o nā holoholona kai, a me nā pilina o ke kaiaola kai e hāʻawi i nā ʻike koʻikoʻi no ka mālama ʻana i ke kaiapuni a me ka loli o ke aniau.
Eia kekahi laʻana, ua hiki i ka papahana ʻo Okeanos Explorer o ka National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) ke ʻike i nā ʻano hou, a me ka ʻike honua maikaʻi aʻe o nā plate tectonics a me nā lua pele ma lalo o ka wai. Eia kekahi, ʻo nā haʻawina o ke kalapona moana a me nā pōʻaiapuni biogeochemical ke kōkua nei i nā kānaka ʻepekema e hoʻomaopopo i ke kuleana o ke kai i ka omo ʻana i ke kalapona dioxide a me ka hōʻemi ʻana i nā hopena o ka loli o ke aniau.
Ma ka pae kaiāulu, ʻo ka ʻike i ka mōʻaukala moana a me ke kai e hāʻawi i ka ʻike moʻomeheu a me ka hoʻoilina like. Kōkua ka noiʻi ʻepekema moana i ka hoʻopuka ʻana i nā moʻolelo o ka wā i hala, e like me ke kālepa kahiko, ke kaua moana, a me nā pilina moʻomeheu, nā mea a pau e hoʻonui ai i ka moʻolelo o ka mōʻaukala kanaka.
Ka hopena
ʻO ka ʻeli ʻana i ke kai a me ka ʻimi ʻana i ke kai he ʻelua mau kahua pili i loaʻa ka hopena koʻikoʻi i ko mākou ʻike ʻana i ka mōʻaukala, ka moʻomeheu, a me ke kūlana o ke kaiapuni kai. Ma o ka holomua ʻana i ka ʻenehana a me nā ʻano hana noiʻi, hiki iā mākou ke ʻimi i ka hohonu o ke kai a ʻeli i ka hoʻoilina moʻomeheu i hūnā ʻia ma lalo o ka ʻili. ʻAʻole wale kēia mau ʻike e hoʻonui i ka ʻike ʻepekema akā e hoʻoikaika pū i ko mākou ʻike moʻomeheu a me ka hoʻoilina. No laila, pono e hoʻomau nā hana e pale a mālama i nā wahi ma lalo o ka wai i hiki i nā hanauna e hiki mai ana ke hauʻoli a aʻo e pili ana i ko mākou mōʻaukala kai waiwai.
