ʻO ka ʻAkeolokia a me ke Kumumanaʻo o ka Evolution
ʻO ka ʻeli ʻana o ka ʻāina a me ke kumumanaʻo evolutionary he ʻelua lālā ʻepekema i manaʻo pinepine ʻia he ʻokoʻa, a he mea kū hoʻokahi paha kekahi i kekahi. Eia nō naʻe, pili loa lāua a hoʻokō kekahi i kekahi i ke kōkua ʻana iā mākou e hoʻomaopopo i ka mōʻaukala kanaka ma ka Honua. Ma kēia ʻatikala, e ʻimi mākou pehea e hana pū ai ka ʻeli ʻana o ka ʻāina a me ke kumumanaʻo evolutionary e hōʻike i nā kumu kanaka a me ka hoʻomohala moʻomeheu mai nā wā prehistoric a hiki i kēia lā.
Hoʻolauna i ka ʻAkeolokia
ʻO ka ʻeli ʻana i ka ʻāina ke aʻo ʻana i ka wā i hala o kānaka ma o ka nānā ʻana i nā mea a me nā mea hana i waiho ʻia e nā heluna kanaka kahiko. Hiki i kēia mau mea hana ke komo pū me nā mea hana pōhaku, nā keramika, nā hale, a me nā koena kanaka a me nā holoholona. Ma o kēia mau ʻike, hoʻāʻo nā mea ʻeli ʻāina e hoʻomaopopo i ke ʻano o ka noho ʻana o kānaka, ka hana ʻana, a me ka launa pū ʻana me ko lākou wahi noho.
Ua hoʻomaka ka ʻeli ʻana o ka ʻeli ʻana i nā wahi neoneo Roma a me Helene kahiko i ka wā o ka Renaissance, i ka wā i hoʻomaka ai nā mea huakaʻi a me nā mea kākau moʻolelo e ʻeli i nā wahi neoneo Roma a me Helene kahiko e ʻimi i nā mea hana a me nā palapala. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole a hiki i ke kenekulia 19 i lilo ai ia i lālā ʻepekema ʻōnaehana a hoʻonohonoho pono ʻia. A hiki i kēia lā, ke hoʻomau nei ka ulu ʻana o ka ʻeli ʻana, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻenehana hou e like me ke kiʻi satelite, LIDAR, a me ka nānā ʻana o ka DNA kahiko e wehe i nā mea pohihihi o ka wā i hala.
Kumumanaʻo o ka Evolution
Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ʻo ke kumumanaʻo o ka evolution he manaʻo ʻepekema e wehewehe ana i ke ʻano o ka ulu ʻana o nā mea ola, me nā kānaka, mai kekahi ʻano a i kekahi ʻano ma o ke kaʻina hana koho kūlohelohe. Ua kaulana ʻo Charles Darwin no kāna kumumanaʻo o ka evolution, i paʻi ʻia ma kāna puke "On the Origin of Species" i ka makahiki 1859. Mai ia manawa, ua lilo ke kumumanaʻo o ka evolution i kumu no ka biology hou.
Wahi a ke kumumanaʻo o ka evolution, ua ulu nā kānaka hou (Homo sapiens) mai nā kūpuna primate i noho i nā miliona miliona mau makahiki i hala. Ma o nā mōʻalihaku i ʻike ʻia a kālailai ʻia, hiki i nā kānaka ʻepekema ke hahai i ke ʻano o ka loli ʻana o ke ʻano kanaka i ka hala ʻana o ka manawa ma muli o kona kaiapuni a me nā pono hoʻololi.
ʻO ka pilina ma waena o ka Archaeology a me ke Kumumanaʻo o ka Evolution
ʻOiai ke ʻano like me nā ʻano aʻo like ʻole, pili loa ka ʻeli ʻana o ka ʻike honua a me ke kumumanaʻo evolutionary i ke aʻo ʻana i ka mōʻaukala kanaka. Hāʻawi ka ʻeli ʻana o ka ʻike honua i nā hōʻike kino ma ke ʻano o nā mea hana a me nā mōʻalihaku e kākoʻo ana i nā kumumanaʻo evolutionary, ʻoiai hāʻawi ke kumumanaʻo evolutionary i kahi ʻōnaehana ʻepekema no ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā ʻike ʻeli ʻana o ka ʻike honua.
1. Ka ʻIke ʻana i nā Fossil a me nā Hōʻike o ka Evolution
ʻO kahi laʻana paʻa, ʻo ia ka ʻike ʻia ʻana o nā mōlina hominin (kupuna kanaka) ma nā wahi ʻeli honua like ʻole ma ʻApelika a me ʻĀsia. Hōʻike kēia mau mōlina, e komo pū ana me nā ʻano e like me Australopithecus, Homo habilis, a me Homo erectus, i nā pae like ʻole o ka ulu ʻana o ke kanaka. ʻO ka nānā ʻana i kēia mau mōlina e hiki ai i nā kānaka ʻepekema ke hoʻomaopopo pehea i hele pololei ai kēia mau ʻano, hoʻohana i nā mea hana maʻalahi, a hoʻomohala i nā lolo nui.
2. Nā Mea Hana Lima a me ka Hoʻomohala Moʻomeheu
Hāʻawi pū nā mea hana i ʻike ʻia ma o ka ʻeli ʻana i nā mea kahiko i ka ʻike i ka ulu ʻana o ka moʻomeheu kanaka. ʻO nā mea hana pōhaku maʻalahi i loaʻa ma nā wahi archaeological Paleolithic e hōʻike ana i ka hoʻohana ʻana o nā mea hana e Homo habilis lāua ʻo Homo erectus. I ka hala ʻana o ka manawa, ua lilo kēia mau mea hana i mea paʻakikī a akamai hoʻi, e hōʻike ana i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka dexterity lima a me ka naʻauao noʻonoʻo.
I ka wā Neolithic, ma kahi o 10.000 mau makahiki i hala aku nei, ua hoʻomaka nā kānaka e mahi i nā mea kanu a hoʻokumu i nā noho mau. He lele nui kēia i ka ulu ʻana o ka moʻomeheu kanaka i ʻike ʻia ʻo ka Neolithic Revolution. ʻO nā hōʻike archaeological mai kēia wā e komo pū ana me nā koena o nā hua kanu i mahi ʻia, nā hale kahiko, a me nā mea hana mahiʻai.
3. Genetics a me Archaeology
ʻO kekahi o nā hoʻomohala hou loa e hōʻike ana i ka pilina ma waena o ka ʻeli ʻana o ka ʻike honua a me ke kumumanaʻo evolutionary ʻo ia ka nānā ʻana i ka DNA kahiko. Hiki i kēia ʻenehana i nā kānaka ʻepekema ke unuhi i ka DNA mai nā mōʻalihaku kanaka kahiko a hoʻohālikelike iā ia me ka DNA o nā kānaka o kēia wā. Ua hōʻike kēia noiʻi i ka pilina genetic ma waena o nā kānaka o kēia wā a me nā Neanderthals, a me ka neʻe ʻana o nā heluna kanaka a puni ka honua.
Eia kekahi laʻana, ʻo nā ʻike DNA mai nā wahi archaeological ma Siberia e hōʻike ana i ka hoʻohuihui ʻana o nā genetics ma waena o nā kānaka hou a me nā Denisovans, kahi ʻano hominin i noho mua ma ʻAsia. Hāʻawi kēia mau ʻike i nā ʻike hohonu i nā pilina ma waena o nā ʻano kanaka kahiko a pehea kēia i hoʻohuli ai i ka genetics kanaka i kēia lā.
4. Paleoanthropology: Hui pū ʻana o ka Archaeology a me Biology
ʻO ka Paleoanthropology kahi lālā o ka ʻepekema e aʻo ana i ka ulu ʻana o ke kanaka ma o ke aʻo ʻana i nā mōʻalihaku, nā genetics, a me nā mea hana moʻomeheu. He laʻana ia o ke ʻano o ka hui pū ʻana o ka ʻeli ʻana i ka ʻike honua a me ke kumumanaʻo evolutionary e hāʻawi i kahi kiʻi holoʻokoʻa o ka mōʻaukala kanaka.
Ma ke aʻo ʻana i nā mōʻalihaku iwi poʻo, hiki i nā paleoanthropologists ke hoʻomaopopo i ke ʻano o ka loli ʻana o ke poʻo kanaka a me ka lolo i ka hala ʻana o ka manawa. I kēia manawa, hāʻawi nā mea hana moʻomeheu i ka pōʻaiapili no ke ʻano o kēia mau loli i ka hoʻohuli ʻana i ke ʻano o ke kanaka a me ke ola ʻana. ʻO kēia hui pū ʻana o ka ʻikepili archaeological a me ka biological e kōkua iā mākou e hoʻomaopopo i ke ʻano o ka ulu ʻana o ke kanaka ʻaʻole wale ma ke kino, akā, i ka noʻonoʻo a me ka nohona.
Ka hopena
ʻO ka ʻeli ʻana o nā mea kanu a me ke kumumanaʻo evolutionary ʻelua mau kahua ʻepekema e hoʻokō ana kekahi i kekahi i ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka mōʻaukala kanaka. Ma o ka ʻike ʻana i nā mōʻalihaku, nā mea hana lima, a me ka nānā ʻana i ka genetic, hiki iā mākou ke hahai i ka huakaʻi lōʻihi o ka ulu ʻana o ke kanaka mai ko mākou mau kūpuna primate a i ka Homo sapiens paʻakikī a moʻomeheu a mākou i ʻike ai i kēia lā.
ʻAʻole wale ka hoihoi o nā kānaka ʻepekema i ke aʻo ʻana i ka ulu ʻana o ke kanaka akā he mau hopena koʻikoʻi nō hoʻi no ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ko kākou ʻano ma ke ʻano he ʻano, pehea kākou e launa pū ai me ko kākou kaiapuni, a pehea kākou e ulu ai ma ke ʻano he kaiāulu. Ke hoʻomau nei kēia mau aʻo ʻelua, me kā lākou mau ʻano hana, e hana pū ana, e ʻeli ana i nā mea huna o ka wā i hala a kōkua iā mākou e hoʻolālā i nā mea hiki no ka wā e hiki mai ana.
No laila, ʻaʻole ʻelua mau kahua kaʻawale ka ʻeli ʻana o ka ʻeli honua a me ke kumumanaʻo o ka ulu ʻana, akā ʻelua ʻaoʻao o ka ʻāpana like e hōʻike pū ana i ka mōʻaukala o ke kanaka ma kēia honua.
