ʻO ka Archaeology a me kona pilina me ka ʻepekema manu
Hoʻomaopopo pinepine ʻia ka ʻeli ʻana o ka ʻāina ma ke ʻano he haʻawina o ka wā i hala o ke kanaka ma o nā mea i waiho ʻia ma hope—mai nā mea hana pōhaku a me nā ipu lepo a hiki i nā hale a me nā koena o nā wahi noho. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole i kūkulu wale ʻia ke kiʻi o ka wā i hala mai nā mea hana i hana ʻia e ke kanaka. Ma nā wahi he nui, ʻo ka ʻikepili nui loa e pili ana i ke ʻano o ke ola kanaka mai nā koena o nā mea ola ʻē aʻe, ʻoiai nā holoholona. ʻO kēia kahi e pili pono ai ka ʻeli ʻana o ka ʻāina me ka ʻepekema fauna, kahi kahua haʻawina e nānā ana i nā holoholona (fauna) a me ko lākou kuleana i ke kaiapuni, me ke ʻano o kā lākou launa pū ʻana me nā kānaka. Ma ke ʻano o ka ʻeli ʻana o ka ʻāina, ua ulu kēia haʻawina i lālā koʻikoʻi i kapa ʻia ʻo zooarchaeology a i ʻole archeozoology.
Ke Hoʻomaopopo nei i ka ʻEpekema Faunal i loko o kahi Pōʻaiapili Archaeological
ʻO ka ʻepekema manu ma ke ʻano laulā e pili ana i ke aʻo ʻana i nā ʻano like ʻole o nā holoholona, ka hoʻolaha ʻana, ke anatomia, ke ʻano, a me nā pilina kaiaola ma waena o nā ʻano. Ke hoʻopili ʻia i ka pōʻaiapili o nā wahi archaeological, kōkua ka ʻepekema manu i ka pane ʻana i nā nīnau: He aha nā holoholona i noho a puni nā kānaka kahiko? He aha nā holoholona a lākou i ʻai ai? Ua hahai ʻia, mahiʻai ʻia, a hōʻiliʻili ʻia paha? He waiwai hōʻailona a hoʻomana paha nā holoholona?
Hoʻohana ka Zooarchaeology i nā mea i loaʻa e like me nā iwi, nā niho, nā pepeiaohao, nā pūpū, nā unahi iʻa, a me nā microtraces, e like me nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi i waiho ʻia i loko o ka sediment. Hoʻopili ʻia kēia mau mea e hana hou i nā hana kanaka, nā kūlana kaiapuni, a me nā loli socio-economic i ka hala ʻana o ka manawa.
Nā ʻAno o ka ʻIkepili Manu i Loaʻa ma nā Wahi Archaeological
Ma ke kahua, hiki ke ʻike ʻia nā ʻikepili holoholona ma nā ʻano like ʻole. ʻO ka mea maʻamau ka iwi holoholona i loaʻa i loko o nā ʻōpala, nā wahi ʻokiʻoki, a i ʻole nā papa noho. Ma waho aʻe o nā iwi, ʻike pinepine nā mea kālaihonua:
1. Nā pūpū mollusk (ʻōpae, nahe) e hōʻailona ana i nā hana hōʻiliʻili waiwai ma ke kahakai a i ʻole ka muliwai.
2. Nā koena iʻa e like me nā iwi maikaʻi, nā otoliths, a i ʻole nā kui, e hōʻike ana i nā hoʻolālā lawaiʻa.
3. Nā iwi liʻiliʻi mai nā manu a i ʻole nā iole e hōʻike paha i ka ʻai ʻia ʻana, ka hānai ʻana, a i ʻole ke alo ʻana o nā holoholona hihiu i ke kaiapuni.
4. Nā mea hana i hana ʻia mai nā holoholona, e laʻa me nā mea hana i hana ʻia mai ka iwi, nā nila, nā poʻo pua, nā mea hoʻonani i hana ʻia mai nā niho, a i ʻole nā kūpeʻe lima i hana ʻia mai nā pūpū.
5. Nā kaha taphonomic, ʻo ia hoʻi nā māka ʻoki, nā māka kuni, nā māwae ma muli o ka haki ʻana o ka ʻiʻo momona, a i ʻole nā nahu ʻana o nā mea ʻaihue, he mea nui ia no ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ke kaʻina hana o ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka iwi.
ʻAʻole "maʻemaʻe" mau ka ʻikepili holoholona; ua hōʻino pinepine ʻia e nā kaʻina hana kūlohelohe a me nā hana a kānaka. No laila, pono e hoʻohui pū nā ʻano ʻike a me ka wehewehe ʻana i ka ʻike o ka biology, ecology, a me ke aniau.
He aha ka mea e hiki ai i ka loiloi faunal ke hōʻike?
He mea koʻikoʻi ka pilina ma waena o ka ʻeli ʻana o ka ʻike honua a me ka ʻepekema holoholona no ka mea hiki i nā koena holoholona ke hōʻike i nā ʻano he nui o ke ola i hala i ʻike ʻole ʻia mai nā mea hana kahiko. Aia ma ka liʻiliʻi he nui nā kumuhana nui e hiki ke hana hou ʻia:
1. Nā ʻAno Ola a me ka ʻAi
Ma ka ʻike ʻana i nā ʻano i ʻai ʻia, nā ʻāpana kino i koho ʻia, a pehea i hoʻomākaukau ʻia ai, hiki i nā kānaka noiʻi ke hoʻomaopopo i ka ʻai a ke kaiāulu. No ka laʻana, ʻo ka nui o nā iwi dia a puaʻa hihiu paha e hōʻike ana i ka hahai holoholona nui ʻana i loko o ka nahele, ʻoiai ʻo ka nui o nā iwi kao a bipi paha e hōʻike ana i ka mahiʻai holoholona. ʻO nā ʻano like ʻole o ka makahiki o nā holoholona i pepehi ʻia e hāʻawi pū i nā hōʻailona i nā hoʻolālā waiwai: inā paha i hānai ʻia nā holoholona no ka ʻiʻo, ka waiū, ka hana, a i ʻole ka hui pū ʻana o kēia mau mea.
2. Nā Hana no ka Hahai Holoholona, Hopu ʻAna, a me ka Hoʻokele ʻana i nā Holoholona
Hiki i ka loiloi manu ke hōʻike i ka ʻenehana a me nā hoʻolālā i hoʻohana ʻia: nā ʻano holoholona i hopu ʻia, ke kau lawaiʻa (no ka laʻana, ma muli o ka ulu ʻana o ka niho a i ʻole nā pōʻaiapuni hānau), a me kahi o ka hana. ʻO ka loaʻa ʻana o ka nui o nā iʻa liʻiliʻi e hōʻike paha i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻupena, ʻoiai ʻo ka mana o kekahi mau iʻa nui e pili ana i nā koʻokoʻo lawaiʻa a i ʻole nā ihe.
3. Ka Hoʻomoe ʻana a me ka Hoʻololi Kaiapili
ʻO kekahi o nā hāʻawi nui o ka ʻepekema holoholona i ka ʻeli ʻana i ka ʻike honua, ʻo ia ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka hoʻopulapula ʻana. Hiki i nā loli i ka nui o ka iwi, nā ʻano like ʻole o ke ʻano, a me nā ʻano hana ʻokiʻoki ke hōʻike i ka hoʻololi ʻana mai nā holoholona hihiu a i nā holoholona. ʻAʻole wale ka hoʻopulapula ʻana he hana olaola, akā he loli pilikanaka hoʻi: ka puka ʻana mai o ka waiwai, ka mahele ʻana o ka hana, ke kālepa ʻana, a me ka hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia o ke kaiāulu.
4. Ke Kūkulu Hou ʻana o ke Kaiapuni a me ke Aniau
He hōʻailona kaiaola ikaika ka holoholona. Noho wale kekahi mau ʻano i nā wahi noho kikoʻī—nā ululāʻau mānoanoa, nā lau nahele, nā ʻūpā, nā wahi kahakai, a i ʻole nā mauna. Inā hōʻike kahi papa kahua i kahi hoʻololi i ke ʻano o nā holoholona mai nā holoholona ululāʻau i nā holoholona lau nahele ākea, hiki iā ia ke hōʻike i nā loli i nā mea kanu a me ke aniau, a i ʻole nā loli i nā ʻano hoʻohana. kānaka ma muli o ka neʻe ʻana a me ke kaomi o ka heluna kanaka.
5. Hōʻailona, Nā Hana Kuʻuna, a me ʻIke Moʻomeheu
ʻAʻole wale nā holoholona he kumu protein. Hoʻopili ka nui o nā kaiāulu i ka manaʻo hōʻailona i kekahi mau holoholona—no ka laʻana, ma ke ʻano he totem, nā holoholona mōhai, a i ʻole nā hōʻailona kūlana. ʻO ka loaʻa ʻana o nā iwi poʻo holoholona i nā kanu kūikawā, a i ʻole nā iwi holoholona i nā ʻano kanu kanaka, ua unuhi pinepine ʻia he hōʻailona o ka hana kuʻuna. Hiki i nā mea hoʻonaninani i hana ʻia mai kekahi mau niho holoholona ke hōʻike i ka ʻike, ka hanohano, a me nā pūnaewele hoʻololi.
Nā Hana Zooarchaeological: Mai ka ʻike ʻana a i ka wehewehe ʻana
No ka hoʻopili ʻana i nā koena manu me ke ʻano kanaka, hoʻohana ka zooarchaeology i kekahi mau pae o ka nānā ʻana:
– Ka ʻike ʻana i nā ʻano ma o ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i ke anatomy iwi me nā hōʻiliʻili kuhikuhi (hōʻiliʻili hoʻohālikelike).
– Nā helu helu helu, no ka laʻana ʻo NISP (ka helu o nā ʻāpana i ʻike ʻia) a me MNI (ka helu palena iki o nā kānaka), e heluhelu i ka mana o nā ʻano.
- Ka nānā ʻana i ka makahiki a me ke kāne, ma muli o nā niho, ka ulu ʻana o ka iwi, a me ka dimorphism.
– Ka nānā ʻana i ka Taphonomic, kahi e loiloi ai i nā hōʻailona o ka ʻoki ʻana, ke kuni ʻana, ka palaho ʻana, a i ʻole nā māka nahu. He mea nui kēia no ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana inā he mau iwi mai ka ʻai ʻana o ke kanaka a i ʻole ka hopena o ka hana ʻaihue/kūlohelohe.
– Ka loiloi isotope paʻa o nā iwi a i ʻole nā niho e hoʻoholo ai i nā meaʻai a nā holoholona (a i kekahi manawa nā neʻe ʻana), e kōkua ana i ka loiloi ʻana i nā ʻōnaehana hānai a i ʻole nā loli o ka nohona.
– Ka loiloi DNA kahiko (aDNA) e ʻike i nā ʻano i paʻakikī ke hoʻokaʻawale i ke ʻano morphological, a me ka hahai ʻana i nā moʻokūʻauhau domestication a me nā neʻe ʻana o ka heluna kanaka.
Hōʻike kēia mau ʻano hana ʻaʻole hilinaʻi wale ka ʻeli honua hou i ka nānā maka, akā ua ulu nui ka ʻepekema a me ka multidisciplinary.
Nā Pilikia i nā Haʻawina ʻAnahonua Manu
ʻOiai he ʻike nui loa, he mau pilikia wehewehe ka ʻikepili holoholona . ʻO ka mea mua, ʻaʻole i mālama maikaʻi ʻia nā holoholona āpau. Hiki i nā wahi ʻakika, pulu, a wela loa paha ke hoʻoheheʻe i nā iwi, e hoʻopilikia ana i ka moʻolelo holoholona. ʻO ka lua, hiki ke hui pū ʻia nā kaʻina hana waiho ʻana e nā hana a nā holoholona e ʻeli ana, nā aʻa mea kanu, a i ʻole ka hoʻopilikia ʻana o ke kanaka hou. ʻO ke kolu, aia nō hoʻi nā manaʻo moʻomeheu: hiki i nā kaiāulu ke loaʻa nā kapu meaʻai, ke komo ʻana o ka papa kaiāulu like ʻole i kekahi mau ʻiʻo, a i ʻole nā ʻano maʻamau o ka hoʻolei ʻana i nā ʻōpala ma nā wahi kikoʻī. No laila, pono e wehewehe ʻia ka nānā ʻana i nā holoholona me nā ʻikepili archaeological ʻē aʻe e like me nā mea hana, nā ʻano spatial, nā koena mea kanu (archaeobotany), a me ka ʻike geological e pili ana i ka pūnaewele.
Pili no nā Haʻawina Hou
ʻAʻole wale ka pilina ma waena o ka ʻeli ʻana o ka ʻike honua a me ka ʻepekema holoholona he mea nui ia no ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka mea a ka poʻe i ʻai ai i ka wā ma mua, akā pili pū kekahi i nā pilikia o kēia wā. ʻO ke kūkulu hou ʻana i nā loli o ke kaiapuni i hala a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā holoholona hiki ke hāʻawi i nā haʻawina e pili ana i ka hoʻomau ʻana, nā pau ʻana o nā wahi, a me nā hopena o ka loli o ke aniau. Kōkua nā haʻawina hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana i ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ke kumu o ka hilinaʻi kanaka i nā holoholona a pehea i ulu ai nā ʻōnaehana meaʻai mai nā mea hahai holoholona a hiki i ka mahiʻai a me ka mahi holoholona. Eia kekahi, hiki i nā haʻawina o ke kālepa holoholona a me nā huahana holoholona i hala ke hōʻike i nā pūnaewele hoʻokele waiwai a me ka neʻe ʻana o ke kanaka ma nā wahi.
Pani
Ua pili loa ka ʻepekema ʻeli honua a me ka ʻepekema holoholona no ka mea, ʻo nā koena holoholona kekahi o nā waihona waiwai loa no ka heluhelu ʻana e pili ana i ke ola kanaka i hala. Ma o ka zooarchaeology, hiki i nā ʻāpana iwi a me nā pūpū maʻalahi ke hōʻike i nā hoʻolālā ola, ka hoʻomoe ʻana, ka loli o ke kaiapuni, a me ka hōʻailona moʻomeheu . Hoʻoikaika kēia pilina multidisciplinary i ka ʻeli honua ma ke ʻano he ʻepekema ʻaʻole wale e wehewehe i nā mea akā e kūkulu hou i nā pilina paʻakikī ma waena o nā kānaka, nā holoholona, a me ke kaiapuni ma o ka mōʻaukala. No laila, ʻaʻole wale ka ʻepekema holoholona he mea hoʻohui i ka noiʻi ʻeli honua, akā he kī koʻikoʻi no ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā kānaka i loko o kā lākou mau kaiaolaola - i hala, i kēia manawa, a malia paha i ka wā e hiki mai ana.
