ʻO ka ʻEpekema o ka ʻAina Kahiko a me ka ʻEpekema o ka Meaʻai Kahiko
Ua ulu aʻe ka nohona kanaka i nā tausani makahiki, a ʻo kā mākou mau holomua ma nā kahua e like me ka ʻenehana, ke kiʻi, a me ka ʻepekema e hōʻike pinepine ana i nā mea hou a me nā hoʻololi kūikawā i hana ʻia i ka wā ma mua. ʻO kahi kumuhana hoihoi a hoʻopoina pinepine ʻia i ke aʻo ʻana i ka mōʻaukala o ka nohona kanaka, ʻo ia ka meaʻai a me nā hana kuke i ka wā kahiko. He kuleana koʻikoʻi ko ka ʻepekema i ka hōʻike ʻana i ke ʻano o ka hana ʻana, ka hana ʻana, a me ka ʻai ʻana o ko mākou mau kūpuna i ka meaʻai, e hāʻawi ana i nā ʻike waiwai i ko lākou ola o kēlā me kēia lā, nā hoʻokele waiwai, a me nā moʻomeheu.
Ke Koʻikoʻi o nā Haʻawina Meaʻai ma ka Archaeology
He hana piha ke aʻo ʻana i ka meaʻai kahiko e pili ana i nā ʻano aʻo like ʻole, mai ka archaeobotany a me ka zooarchaeology a hiki i ka kemika a me ka genetics. ʻAʻole wale ka meaʻai he pono physiological; he huahana moʻomeheu nō hoʻi, i hoʻohuli ʻia e ke kaiapuni, ka ʻike loea, nā manaʻoʻiʻo hoʻomana, a me nā pilina pilikanaka. Ma ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka meaʻai kahiko, hiki iā kākou ke loaʻa kahi ʻike maikaʻi aʻe i nā dinamika o ke ola i nā kaiāulu i hala.
Kōkua ka noiʻi ʻana i nā meaʻai kahiko iā mākou e hoʻomaopopo i nā ʻano neʻe ʻana, pehea i hoʻolauna ʻia ai nā mea kanu a me nā holoholona i nā wahi like ʻole, a me ka hopena o ka loli o ke aniau a me nā aniau politika i ka palekana meaʻai. No ka laʻana, ʻo ka nānā ʻana i nā meaʻai ma nā wahi archaeological e hiki ai i nā kānaka ʻepekema ke ʻike i nā koena o ka mahiʻai mua loa a ʻike pehea e laha ai kēia mau hana mai kekahi lāhui kanaka a i kekahi.
Nā Hana a me nā ʻenehana i nā Haʻawina Meaʻai Kahiko
1. Ka Nānā ʻana i nā Koena Organic
ʻO ka nānā ʻana i nā koena organik kaʻina hana ʻike Nā koena molekala o nā mea olaola i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i loko o nā ipu kuke kahiko, e like me nā ipu lepo. Ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻano hana e like me ke kinoea chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), hiki i nā kānaka ʻepekema ke ʻike i nā mea i kuke ʻia a mālama ʻia paha i loko o kēia mau ipu. No ka laʻana, ma kekahi mau wahi Neolithic, ua ʻike ʻia nā koena o ka quinoa a me nā palaoa ʻē aʻe, e hōʻike ana i nā hōʻike mua o ka mahiʻai.
2. ʻAkeobotani
ʻO Archaeobotany ke aʻo ʻana i nā mea kanu i loaʻa ma nā wahi archaeological. Hiki i nā palaoa, nā hua, ka pollen, a me nā koena mea kanu ʻē aʻe ke hāʻawi i nā hōʻailona e pili ana i nā mea a nā kānaka kahiko i ulu ai a ʻai ai. Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia nā kaʻina hana flotation e hoʻokaʻawale i kēia mau microfossils mai ka lepo. Ma o ka nānā ʻana i ka archaeobotanical, ua aʻo mākou e pili ana i ka hāʻawi nui ʻana o nā palaoa e like me ka palaoa, ka bale, a me ka millet i nā meaʻai kahiko.
3. ʻIke Zooarchaeology
ʻO ka Zooarchaeology e pili ana i ke aʻo ʻana i nā koena holoholona nā wahi kālaihonuaNā iwi, nā niho, a me nā koena ʻē aʻe i kālailai ʻia e hoʻomaopopo i ka pilina ma waena o nā kānaka a me nā holoholona. Hoʻokomo pū kēia i ka hoʻomoe holoholona, nā ʻano hahai holoholona, a me ka ʻai ʻana i ka ʻiʻo, ka waiū, a me nā huahana holoholona ʻē aʻe. ʻO ka ʻike ʻana i nā koena iwi ʻīlio mai ka wā Paleolithic e kākoʻo ana i ke kumumanaʻo ua hana ʻia ka hoʻomoe ʻīlio e kōkua i ka hahai holoholona a me ke kiaʻi ʻana.
4. Ka Nānā ʻana i ka Isotope Paʻa
Kōkua ka loiloi isotope paʻa i ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā ʻano ʻai o nā kānaka a me nā holoholona kahiko. Hiki i nā isotopes kalapona a me ka naikokene i loko o nā iwi a me nā niho ke hāʻawi i ka ʻike e pili ana i nā ʻano meaʻai a ke kanaka i ʻai ai i ko lākou ola a pau. No ka laʻana, hiki i nā loli i nā lakio isotope naikokene ke hōʻike i kahi hoʻololi mai kahi ʻai mea kanu i kahi ʻai kai, a i ʻole ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe.
5. Nā Haʻawina Archaeogenetic
Pili ka Archaeogenetics i ka nānā ʻana i ka DNA kahiko mai nā koena o nā mea kanu a me nā holoholona i loaʻa ma nā wahi archaeological. Hiki i kēia ke hōʻike i ka ʻike e pili ana i nā ʻano mea kanu i mahi ʻia a me nā ʻano holoholona i hoʻopulapula ʻia. Ma o ka archaeogenetics, ua ʻike nā kānaka ʻepekema i nā koena o nā ʻano hua waina i hoʻohana ʻia e hana i ka waina ma Roma kahiko a me nā ʻano palaoa i hoʻololi ʻia i ka genetics i ka wā ma mua.
Nā ʻIke Koʻikoʻi mai nā Haʻawina Meaʻai Kahiko
ʻAigupita Kahiko
Ua kaulana ʻo ʻAigupita kahiko no kāna mau moʻolelo mōʻaukala waiwai, me nā palapala kikoʻī a me nā kiʻi pena e hōʻike ana i nā ʻano like ʻole o ke ola o kēlā me kēia lā. Mai ka Ebers Papyrus a me ka palapala ʻo Maksmar, ua aʻo mākou e pili ana i ke koʻikoʻi o nā meaʻai e like me ka palaoa, ka bale, a me nā ʻano mea kanu a me nā huaʻai like ʻole. ʻO ka berena a me ka pia ʻelua mau meaʻai nui ma ʻAigupita kahiko, a ua hoʻomohala ka poʻe kūloko i nā ʻano berena like ʻole me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻano hana fermentation paʻakikī.
Kina Kahiko
Ma Kina, hōʻike nā hōʻike ʻepekema ʻo ka laiki a me ka millet nā mea kanu nui i ulu a ʻai ʻia. Hōʻike nā mea i ʻike ʻia ma nā wahi ʻo Hemudu lāua ʻo Pengtoushan i nā hōʻike o ka mahi laiki mua loa, ʻo kekahi i hala ma mua o 7000 mau makahiki. Eia kekahi, hōʻike nā koena o ka ʻohe a me ka lāʻau i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā lako kīhini a me nā ʻano kuke i hoʻomohala nui ʻia.
Kahua ʻo Pompeii
Ua hāʻawi mai nā ʻeli ʻana ma Pompeii, ke kūlanakauhale Roma i luku ʻia e ka pele ʻana o ka mauna ʻo Vesuvius i ka makahiki 79 AD, i nā ʻike kupaianaha i ka ʻai a ka poʻe Roma. Ma waena o nā mea nui i loaʻa, ʻo ia nā ipu i loaʻa nā iʻa i hoʻoulu ʻia, ka ʻaila ʻoliva, ka waina, a me nā mea ʻala. Hōʻike pū nā frescoes ma nā paia o nā hale i nā ʻano ʻaina like ʻole a me nā ʻahaʻaina, e hāʻawi ana i nā ʻike i nā makemake kuke Roma.
Mesoamerica
Ma Mesoamerica, ʻo nā hua cacao i loaʻa ma nā wahi ʻo Olmec a me Mayan e hōʻike ana he ʻāpana koʻikoʻi ka kokoleka o kā lākou moʻomeheu no nā tausani makahiki. Hōʻike ka loiloi koena ua hoʻohana mua ʻia ka cacao i ke ʻano wai, i hui pinepine ʻia me nā mea ʻala e like me ka chili a me ka vanilla. He mea kanu koʻikoʻi nō hoʻi ka kulina, a he nui nā hana hoʻomana a me ke ola o kēlā me kēia lā e pili ana i kāna ʻai ʻana a me ka hana ʻana.
ʻO ka meaʻai ma ke ʻano he hōʻailona pilikanaka a me ka moʻomeheu
ʻOi aku ka meaʻai ma mua o ka ʻai wale ʻana; hiki iā ia ke lilo i hōʻailona o ke kūlana kaiāulu, ka ʻike moʻomeheu , a me ka ʻuhane. I loko o nā moʻomeheu kahiko he nui , ua hōʻike nā ʻahaʻaina a me nā ʻahaʻaina meaʻai i nā hierarchies kaiāulu a me ka politika. Ma ʻAigupita kahiko, no ka laʻana, ʻo ke ʻano o ka meaʻai a me ka mea inu i lawelawe ʻia ma nā hale kupapaʻu e hōʻike ana i ke kūlana kaiāulu o ka mea i make. Ma Kina, ua hōʻike nā ʻahaʻaina a me nā ʻahaʻaina aliʻi i kahi ʻano kaiāulu a me ka politika paʻakikī.
ʻO ke ola ʻana o nā loina hoʻokaʻawale ma nā moʻomeheu kahiko he nui e hōʻike ana i nā manaʻoʻiʻo hoʻomana a me nā hiʻohiʻona honua kikoʻī. No ka laʻana, ua pāpā ka Hindu kahiko i ka ʻai ʻana i ka pipi, a hiki i kēia lā, ʻoiai ua pāpā nā moʻomeheu Hikina Waena kahiko i kekahi mau meaʻai e pili ana i nā kānāwai pono a me nā hoʻomana.
Hopena: ʻO ka Archaeology a me ka wā e hiki mai ana o nā haʻawina meaʻai kahiko
He kahua waiwai a hoʻohiki ka ʻepekema ʻai meaʻai, e hāʻawi ana i nā manaʻo waiwai nui no ke ʻano o ka ulu ʻana o ke kanaka a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana ma ke ʻano supraphysiological a me ka moʻomeheu. Me kēlā me kēia ʻike hou, e hoʻokokoke aku ana mākou i ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā ʻano ola, nā hana hou loea, a me nā pilina pilikanaka o ko mākou mau kūpuna.
ʻO ke aʻo ʻana i nā meaʻai kahiko ʻaʻole wale ia e kōkua iā mākou e ʻike maopopo i ka wā i hala akā hāʻawi pū kekahi i nā haʻawina waiwai no ka wā e hiki mai ana, ʻoiai hoʻi e pili ana i ka palekana meaʻai a me ke kūpaʻa. Hiki i nā ʻano hana mahiʻai kahiko a me nā hana kuke kuʻuna ke hoʻoulu i nā ʻano hana hou no ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i nā pilikia o ka honua i kēia lā.
Ma o ka hui pū ʻana ma waena o ka ʻeli ʻana o ka ʻike honua a me nā ʻepekema ʻē aʻe, hiki iā mākou ke hoʻomau i ka ʻimi ʻana i ka hoʻoilina kuke o nā lāhui i hala, e lawe pū ana i ka ʻike e hoʻonui ai i ko mākou ʻike i ka ʻokoʻa a me ka hana hou o ka meaʻai a puni ka honua.
