ʻO ka Archaeology ma ke ʻano o ka Feminism a me ke kāne
Hoʻomaopopo pinepine ʻia ka ʻeli ʻana o ka ʻāina ma ke ʻano he ʻepekema e "ʻeli ana i ka wā i hala" ma o nā mea hana lima, nā wahi, a me nā koena mea. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole loa ke ʻano o kā mākou wehewehe ʻana i kēia mau ʻike i kūlike ʻole. Hoʻohuli ʻia ia e nā nīnau a nā mea noiʻi e nīnau ai, nā kumumanaʻo a lākou e hoʻohana ai, a me nā waiwai pili kanaka o ko lākou manawa. I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua hāʻawi nui nā haʻawina feminism a me nā haʻawina kāne i ka ʻeli ʻana o ka ʻāina: ʻaʻole wale ma ka "hoʻohui ʻana i nā wahine" i nā moʻolelo mōʻaukala, akā ma ka hoʻohewa ʻana i nā manaʻo kumu e pili ana i ka hana, ka mana, ke kino, ka ʻohana, a me ka ʻike i manaʻo pinepine ʻia he ao holoʻokoʻa. Nānā kēia ʻatikala pehea i hoʻololi ai ka ʻeli ʻana o ka ʻāina, i loko o ka pōʻaiapili o ka feminism a me ke kāne, i ko mākou mau manaʻo i ka wā i hala, kā mākou mau ʻano noiʻi, a me nā dinamika o ka ʻoihana ʻeli ʻana o ka ʻāina ponoʻī.
No ke aha he mea nui ka feminism i ka archaeology?
No ka manawa lōʻihi, ua kūkulu ʻia nā hana hou he nui o ka wā i hala ma luna o nā manaʻo patriarchal: ua pili nā kāne me nā mea hahai holoholona, nā alakaʻi, a me nā mea hana mea hana; nā wahine me nā ʻāpana home, passive, a me "kākoʻo". Hoʻolālā pinepine ʻia kēia mau manaʻo ma nā moʻomeheu like ʻole me ka ʻole o nā hōʻike lawa. Hoʻomanaʻo mai ka Feminism iā mākou ʻo ka mahele ʻana o nā kuleana e pili ana i ke kāne ʻaʻole ia he kānāwai paʻa o ke ʻano, akā ʻo ka hopena o nā kūkākūkā pilikanaka, hoʻokele waiwai, a me ka politika. No laila, paipai ka archaeology feminist i nā mea noiʻi e nānā: he mea "pono" anei i hana ʻia e ke kāne? No ke alakaʻi kāne anei kahi kanu waiwai? Loaʻa koke ka waiwai kaiāulu o ka hana home?
Ma ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana i kēia mau kuhiakau, kōkua ka feminism i ka ʻeli ʻana i ka ʻāina e lilo i mea noʻonoʻo a koʻikoʻi hoʻi i ka ʻepekema. ʻO nā nīnau e pili ana i ka manaʻo o ka mea noiʻi—ʻo wai ka mea e nīnau nei, a mai ke ʻano hea—e lilo i mea koʻikoʻi, no ka mea, ʻo ka wehewehe ʻana i ka ʻeli ʻana i ka ʻāina e pili ana i ka ʻoi aku ma mua o ka heluhelu ʻana i ka ʻikepili, akā ʻo ke kūkulu ʻana hoʻi i kahi moʻolelo e pili ana i ke ola kanaka.
ʻO ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā manaʻo o "moekolohe" a me "kāne" i ka ʻeli ʻana o ka ʻike honua
Ma nā haʻawina wahine a me ke kāne, ʻo ka "moekolohe" e pili ana i nā ʻano olaola (e.g., anatomy, chromosomes), ʻoiai ʻo ka "wahine" e pili ana i nā kūkulu sociocultural o ke kāne, ka wahine, a me nā ʻano ʻē aʻe e loli ana ma waena o ka manawa a me kahi. I ka ʻeli ʻana o ka ʻāina, he mea koʻikoʻi kēia ʻokoʻa no ka mea ʻaʻole pinepine ka ʻikepili mea e "kamaʻilio" pololei i ka ʻike kāne. No ka laʻana, hiki ke pili kekahi mau mea me nā kuleana kāne kikoʻī i loko o ke kaiāulu hou, akā ʻaʻole paha i like kēlā mau hui ʻana i nā kaiāulu kahiko.
Eia ka pilikia: hoʻopili pinepine nā mea kālaihonua i ka moekolohe biological (no ka laʻana, mai ka nānā ʻana o ka osteological) i nā kuleana pili kanaka. Hoʻomanaʻo mai nā haʻawina kāne iā mākou ʻaʻole pololei kēia pilina. Hiki i kekahi mea i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ma ke ʻano biologically he kāne ke hana i nā kuleana pili kanaka i kūpono ʻole i nā stereotypes kāne hou, a ʻo ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe. ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻike ka nui o nā kaiāulu ma mua o ʻelua mau ʻano kāne, ʻoiai pono e wehewehe pono ʻia ko lākou mau kaha ma ka moʻolelo kālaihonua.
ʻO ka ʻeliʻeli wahine: mai ka "hoʻohui ʻana i nā wahine" a hiki i ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke ʻano o ka noʻonoʻo
ʻO ka ʻeli ʻana o nā wāhine mua ma nā wahi he nui e kālele pinepine ana i ka "hōʻike ʻana i nā wāhine i ʻike ʻia": e ʻimi ana i nā hōʻike o nā hāʻawi a nā wāhine i ka ʻenehana, ka hoʻokele waiwai, nā hana kuʻuna, a i ʻole ka hana ʻana. No ka laʻana, ua hōʻike nā haʻawina o ka hana ʻana i nā keramika, nā lole, a i ʻole ka hana ʻana i ka meaʻai ʻo ka hana i manaʻo pinepine ʻia he "home" ke kumu o ka hoʻokele waiwai a me ka ʻike o ke kaiāulu. Hiki i ka hana lole, ka mālama ʻana i ka meaʻai, a me ka hoʻokele hale ke loea loa, ʻaʻole emi ka paʻakikī ma mua o ka hana ʻana i nā mea kaua a i ʻole nā mea hana pōhaku.
Eia nō naʻe, ua hele hou aku ka ʻimi ʻana o nā wāhine wahine: ʻaʻole ia e kālele wale ana i nā wāhine akā ke nānā hou nei hoʻi i nā māhele i manaʻo ʻia he kūʻokoʻa ma mua. Ke nīnau nei ia no ke aha i manaʻo pinepine ʻia ai ka honua home ʻaʻole i "lehulehu" a i ʻole he mea nui ʻole; no ke aha e ana mau ʻia ai ka mana ma ke ʻano o nā mea kaua, nā kia hoʻomanaʻo, a i ʻole nā waiwai hoʻohiwahiwa; a no ke aha e manaʻo mau ʻia ai ke "alakaʻi" ʻo ia ke kūlana koʻikoʻi o hoʻokahi kanaka (ʻo ia hoʻi he kāne) ma mua o nā pūnaewele o ka mana e pili ana i ka pilina, ka hana kuʻuna, a i ʻole ka hāʻawi ʻana i nā kumuwaiwai.
Nā ʻano hana a me ka ʻikepili: pehea e heluhelu ʻia ai ke kāne mai nā mea i koe?
Paipai nā ʻano hana wahine a me ke kāne i nā ʻano hana like ʻole. ʻO kekahi o kēia mau mea:
1. Ka nānā ʻana i ke kanu ʻana
ʻO nā lua kupapaʻu he kumu pinepine ia o ka ʻikepili e pili ana i ke kūlana, ka ʻike pilikino, a me nā pilina pilikanaka. Hoʻokūkū ka ʻimi ʻana i nā mea kaua kāne i nā manaʻo maʻalahi e like me "nā mea kaua = kāne" a i ʻole "nā mea hoʻonani = wahine." Pono ka hui pū ʻana o ka ʻikepili osteological, nā ʻano kanu ʻana, a me ka pōʻaiapili pilikanaka. Aia kekahi mau hihia ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa kahi i ʻike ʻia ai nā kānaka me nā waiwai lua kupapaʻu kikoʻī he wahine biological i kūlike ʻole me nā stereotypes hou, e wehe ana i nā kūkākūkā e pili ana i ka paʻakikī o nā kuleana pilikanaka.
2. Ke aʻo ʻana i ka lewa a me ke kuhikuhipuʻuone
Hiki ke hōʻike ʻia ke kāne a me ka wahine ma ke ʻano o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka wahi: ka mahele ʻana o nā wahi hana, ke komo ʻana i nā wahi hoʻomana, a i ʻole nā hoʻonohonoho noho. Eia nō naʻe, hoʻomanaʻo mai kahi ʻano kāne iā mākou ʻaʻole paʻa mau nā mahele wahi; hiki iā lākou ke loli e like me ka makahiki, ke kūlana, ke kau, a i ʻole nā kūlana pilikia.
3. Ka loiloi waiwai a me ka hana (ʻeliʻeli hana)
Ma ka loiloi ʻana i nā koena o ka hana—no ka laʻana, nā koena i puhi ʻia, nā koena meaʻai, nā māka ʻaʻahu ma nā mea hana—hiki i nā mea kālaihonua ke kaha kiʻi i ka hana i nānā pinepine ʻole ʻia i nā moʻolelo o "nā hanana nui." ʻO ka hana mālama, e like me ka mālama ʻana i nā keiki, ka poʻe ʻelemakule, a i ʻole nā lālā maʻi o ke kaiāulu, ʻaʻole pinepine lākou e waiho i nā mea hana pololei akā hiki ke huli ʻia ma o nā ʻōkuhi demographic, ke olakino, a me ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o ka noho ʻana.
4. ʻO Bioarchaeology a me ke kino
Nānā ʻo Bioarchaeology pehea e "hoʻopaʻa" ai ke kino i nā ʻike pilikanaka: nā ʻano meaʻai, ke kaumaha, ka maʻi, a me ka hana kino. Hiki ke hōʻike ʻia nā mahele hana e pili ana i ke kāne ma nā ʻokoʻa o ke kaumaha kino, ka trauma, a i ʻole nā ʻano ʻai. Eia nō naʻe, pono e noʻonoʻo pono ka wehewehe ʻana: ʻaʻole wale nā ʻokoʻa olakino e hoʻopili ʻia e ke kāne, akā, e ka papa, ke komo ʻana i ka meaʻai, a me ke kaiapuni.
Intersectionality: ʻaʻole kū hoʻokahi ke kāne a me ke wahine
Hoʻokūpaʻa ka feminism o kēia wā i ka intersectionality: ua pili ka wahine me ka papa, ka makahiki, ka lāhui, ke kūlana neʻe ʻana, ke kīnā, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. I ka archaeology, pale kēia i nā maʻalahi e like me "ua like nā ʻike o nā wahine āpau" a i ʻole "ua māhelehele nui ʻia nā kaiāulu ma waena o nā kāne a me nā wahine." No ka laʻana, hiki i nā wahine elite ke loaʻa i nā kumuwaiwai nui a me ka mana o nā hana kuʻuna, ʻoiai ʻo nā kāne mai nā hui haʻahaʻa e ʻike paha i ka nāwaliwali waiwai. Pēlā nō, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia kekahi mau hana e ka makahiki a i ʻole ke kūlana pili, ʻaʻole wale ma ke kāne.
Me kahi ʻōnaehana intersectional, ʻaʻole ʻimi wale ka ʻepekema kālaihonua i nā "kuleana o nā wahine," akā nānā pehea e hoʻohālikelike ai nā ʻano pilikanaka i nā ʻike o nā kānaka a me nā hui ma nā ʻano like ʻole.
Ka loiloi ʻana i ka ʻōlelo a me nā māhele i ka wehewehe ʻana
Hoʻohewa pū ka ʻeliʻeli wahine i ka ʻōlelo ʻepekema hiki ke "laka" i nā wehewehe. ʻO nā huaʻōlelo e like me "home," "lehulehu," "hua," a i ʻole "mālama" e hōʻike pinepine i kahi hierarchy o nā waiwai. Ke manaʻo ʻia he hana ʻole nā hana home, ua manaʻo ʻia he mea liʻiliʻi nā hāʻawi a nā wahine (a i ʻole kekahi mau hui). Eia naʻe, me ka ʻole o ka hoʻokele ʻana i ka meaʻai, ka wai, ke olakino, a me ka hānau hou ʻana o ka nohona, ʻaʻole hiki i kahi kaiāulu ke ola.
Eia kekahi, ua haʻi pinepine ʻia ke ʻano o ka "prehistory" ma o nā moʻolelo kāne o ka holomua: ka lanakila ʻana o ke kūlohelohe, ke kaua, a me ka hoʻonui ʻana. ʻO kahi ʻano wahine e wehe i kahi no nā moʻolelo ʻē aʻe: ka laulima ʻana, ka hoʻololi ʻana, ka pilina pilikanaka, a me nā ʻenehana mālama—nā mea i like ka nui o ka mōʻaukala kanaka.
ʻO ke kāne ma ka ʻoihana archaeological: nā loina a me ka hana
ʻAʻole pili wale ka pōʻaiapili wahine i ka mea i aʻo ʻia, akā, i ka hana ʻana o ka ʻeli ʻana ma ke ʻano he aʻo. ʻO wai ka mea e loaʻa ka manawa kūpono e alakaʻi i nā ʻeli ʻana? ʻO wai ka mea i ʻike ʻia he mea ʻike? Pehea e māhele ʻia ai ka hana kahua—ua manaʻo ʻia anei ka hana he "kaumaha" i hāʻawi ʻia i nā kāne, ʻoiai ua hāʻawi ʻia ka palapala i nā wahine? Hoʻopā kēia mau nīnau i nā ʻano hana o ka ʻoihana, me nā pilikia o ka hoʻoluhi ʻia ma ke kahua, ka like ʻole o ka ʻoihana, a me ka ʻelele ma nā puke pai hoʻonaʻauao.
Kākoʻo ka ʻeli ʻana o nā wāhine i nā loina noiʻi kaulike a palekana hoʻi, me nā kulekele kūʻē i ka hana ʻino a me ka hoʻoluhi hewa, ka mālamalama o ke alakaʻi, a me ka ʻike ʻana i nā hana "ʻike ʻole ʻia" e like me ka mālama ʻana, ka papa inoa ʻana, a me ka hoʻonaʻauao lehulehu.
Pili i ka lehulehu: no ke aha he mea nui kēia?
Hoʻohālikelike nā moʻolelo kālaihonua i ke ʻano o ka nānā ʻana o nā kaiāulu i ka mōʻaukala a me ka ʻike. Inā haʻi mau ʻia ka wā i hala ma ke ʻano he kahua o ke kāne, manaʻo paha ka lehulehu he "kūlohelohe" mau ka like ʻole o ke kāne. I ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ke hōʻike ka kālaihonua i ka ʻokoʻa o nā kuleana a me nā ʻike, hoʻonui ia i ka noʻonoʻo kaiāulu: hiki ke loli ka mahele o ka hana, hiki i ke alakaʻi ke lawe i nā ʻano he nui, a ʻo nā hāʻawi o ka mālama home a me ka hana ʻana he kumu ia no ka nohona kanaka.
Ma nā wahi ākea—nā hale hōʻikeʻike, nā puke aʻo, nā palapala—paipai nā ʻano wahine a me ke kāne i ka hōʻike kūpono a pololei hoʻi. Paipai pū lākou i ka lehulehu e hoʻomaopopo e ulu ana ka ʻike ma o ka hoʻohewa a me ka hoʻoponopono hou ʻana, ʻaʻole i hoʻokahi ʻoiaʻiʻo paʻa.
Pani
ʻAʻole wale ka ʻimi ʻana i nā wāhine i ka wā ma mua ma ke ʻano o ka feminism a me ke kāne. He hana ʻepekema a me ka pono ia e wehewehe pono i nā ʻikepili mea, e pale aku i ka manaʻo patriarchal, a e hoʻomaopopo i nā paʻakikī o ka ʻike a me nā pilina pili kanaka. Ma ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana ma waena o ke kāne a me ke kāne, ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā ʻano hana e pili ana i ka hana a me ke kino, a me ka hoʻopili ʻana i kahi hiʻohiʻona intersectional, lilo ka ʻimi ʻana i mea hiki ke haʻi i ka moʻolelo piha o ka wā ma mua. I ka manawa like, hoʻokūkū ka feminism i ka hana o ka ʻoihana ʻimi ʻana i nā wāhine e ʻoi aku ka kaulike a me ke kuleana. ʻO ka hopena hope loa he mōʻaukala kanaka waiwai nui: ʻaʻole ka mōʻaukala o hoʻokahi hui, akā ʻo ka mōʻaukala o nā ʻike he nui, nā kuleana, a me nā leo i hoʻokaʻawale pinepine ʻia.
Inā makemake ʻoe, hiki iaʻu ke hoʻololi i kēia ʻatikala i ke ʻano o ka ʻōlelo Indonesia (e.g., nā laʻana mai nā kahua o Nusantara, nā hana hale hōʻikeʻike, a i ʻole nā hoʻopaʻapaʻa hoʻonaʻauao kūloko) a i ʻole e hoʻohui i kahi papa inoa puke a me nā kuhikuhi i nā kumumanaʻo koʻikoʻi i ka ʻeli ʻana o ka wahine a me nā haʻawina kāne.
