ʻO ka ʻAkeoloke ʻOihana a me ka Hoʻoilina ʻenehana
Ua manaʻo pinepine ʻia ka ʻeli ʻana o nā wahi kahiko: nā luakini, nā noho prehistoric, a i ʻole nā hale kupapaʻu aliʻi. Eia nō naʻe, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā koena o ka wā i hala ma mua o nā pōhaku kahiko. ʻO nā hale hana kahiko, nā ala kaʻaahi e popo ana, nā hale kūʻai awa, nā kikowaena mana, a me nā mīkini i waiho ʻia ma nā hale hana he mau mea hana ia e paʻa ana i nā moʻolelo koʻikoʻi. Maanei kahi e komo mai ai ka ʻeli ʻana o nā ʻoihana - he lālā o ke aʻo ʻana e nānā ana i nā koena o nā hana ʻoihana a me nā ʻenehana, ʻoi aku hoʻi mai ka Industrial Revolution a hiki i kēia au hou, e hoʻomaopopo pehea e hana ai nā kaiāulu, hana, a hoʻohālike i ke ola o kēlā me kēia lā.
He aha ka ʻeli ʻana o ka ʻeka ʻoihana?
Ma keʻano laulā, ʻo ka ʻeli ʻana o nā ʻoihana ʻoihana ke aʻo ʻana i nā koena kino o ka ʻoihana ʻoihana: nā hale, nā pono hana, nā lako, nā wahi hana, a me nā ʻāina i hoʻololi ʻia e nā hana hana. ʻOi aku ka nānā ʻana ma mua o nā "mea" i nā pilina ma waena o ka ʻenehana, ka hoʻokele waiwai, ka hana, a me ka moʻomeheu. Hiki ke hoʻomaopopo ʻia nā wili kō, nā lua lanahu, nā pā, nā pūnaewele hoʻoinu wai ʻoihana, a i ʻole nā hale kaʻaahi he mau ʻōnaehana i hoʻopili ʻia—ʻaʻole wale nā hale kū hoʻokahi.
ʻAʻole e like me ka ʻeli ʻana o ka ʻekele kahiko , ka mea e nānā pinepine ai i nā wā e pili ana i nā tausani makahiki, ʻo ka ʻeli ʻana o ka ʻekele ʻoihana e hana me nā kumu "ʻōpio": nā kenekulia 18 a 20, ʻoiai nā koena o ka ʻenehana mua o ka wā kikohoʻe. Eia nō naʻe, ke koʻikoʻi nei kona waiwai ʻepekema no ka mea hāʻawi pinepine ka ʻikepili mea mai ka ʻoihana i nā kikoʻī i ʻike ʻole ʻia ma nā waihona i kākau ʻia: nā ʻano hana hana, nā kūlana palekana, ka hana hoʻoikaika lima o ka limahana, a me nā hōʻike o ka loli ʻenehana i ka hala ʻana o ka manawa.
He kumu mōʻaukala ka hoʻoilina ʻenehana
ʻO ka huaʻōlelo hoʻoilina ʻenehana e pili ana i nā mīkini kahiko. Hiki iā ia ke komo pū me:
1. Nā hale ʻoihana a me nā kuhikuhipuʻuone: nā hale hana, nā lua ahi, nā hale kūʻai, nā keʻena hoʻokolohua, nā keʻena hoʻomalu, nā hale noho limahana.
2. Nā ʻōnaehana hana: nā alahao a me nā kikowaena, nā awa, nā ʻauwai, nā pūnaewele uila, nā alahaka, nā hale kiaʻi wai, nā alanui mahiʻai.
3. Nā mīkini a me nā mea hana hana: nā turbine, nā paila, nā locomotive, nā loom, nā mīkini wili, nā pamu mining.
4. Palapala loea: nā palapala ʻāina, nā manual mīkini, nā moʻolelo mālama, nā kiʻi hana, nā papa kuhikuhi palekana.
5. Nā ʻāina ʻoihana: nā lua eli, nā puʻu ʻōpala, nā wahi hoʻolei ʻōpala, nā loko hoʻomoe, nā māla monoculture mua.
Hiki ke heluhelu ʻia kēia mau mea a pau ma ke ʻano he "kikokikona" e wehewehe ana i ka au ʻenehana. ʻO ke ʻano o ke kau ʻana o nā mīkini, ka mamao ma waena o nā lumi, ka ʻōnaehana ea, a i ʻole ke ʻano o ke kahawai hoʻolaha e hōʻike i ka noʻonoʻo hana a me nā mea nui o ka hoʻokele: ka pono, ka kaohi, ka palekana, a i ʻole ka mālama kālā.
No ke aha he mea nui ka ʻeli ʻana o ka ʻoihana?
Aia kekahi mau kumu e loaʻa ai i ka ʻepekema ʻoihana kahi kuleana koʻikoʻi i ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka mōʻaukala hou:
ʻO ka mea mua, hoʻopaʻa ia i ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka nohona. ʻAʻole wale ka ʻoihana e hana i nā waiwai akā hoʻohālikelike pū kekahi i ka papa hana, ka neʻe ʻana o ka heluna kanaka, ke kūlanakauhale, a me nā loli o ke ʻano o ka nohona. ʻO ka hale o nā limahana kokoke i nā hale hana, no ka laʻana, hiki ke hōʻike i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o ka nohona: ka nui o ka hale, nā pono hoʻomaʻemaʻe, ke komo ʻana i ka wai maʻemaʻe, a me kahi kokoke i nā wahi hana.
ʻO ka lua, kōkua ia iā mākou e heluhelu pono i ka mōʻaukala ʻenehana. Hiki i nā waihona ke ʻōlelo, "Ua pani ʻia ka Mīkini A e ka Mīkini B," akā hōʻike nā koena kino i ke ʻano o kēlā pani ʻana: inā paha he mau hoʻololi kūloko, inā ua hoʻākoakoa hou ʻia nā ʻāpana, a inā paha ua hui pū ʻia ka ʻenehana i lawe ʻia mai me ka ʻike kūloko.
ʻO ke kolu, hoʻonui ia i ka ʻike o ka hoʻokele waiwai politika. He nui nā paʻakikī ʻoihana e pili pono ana i nā kulekele kolone, ka hoʻopukapuka kālā ʻoihana, a me nā hoʻoponopono mokuʻāina. ʻO nā wili kō, nā lua mines, a i ʻole nā alanui kaʻaahi ma nā wahi he nui ke kumu o ka hoʻokele waiwai—pinepine me nā hopena koʻikoʻi o ka nohona a me ke kaiapuni.
ʻO ka hā, he mea pili ia i ka ʻike like a me ka hoʻomanaʻo. No kekahi poʻe, ʻaʻole nā hale hana mua he mau hale hakahaka wale nō, akā, he mau wahi e paʻa ai nā ʻike ʻohana: nā hanauna i hana ma ke ʻano he luna, nā loea, nā mīkini, a i ʻole nā limahana lā.
Nā ʻano hana i ka ʻeli ʻana o ka ʻoihana
Hoʻohui ka ʻeli ʻana o ka ʻoihana i nā ʻano hana ʻeli ʻana me nā haʻawina mōʻaukala, ʻenekinia, a me ke kaiapuni. ʻO kekahi mau ʻano hana i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia:
– Ke ana ʻana a me ka palapala ʻāina: ka palapala ʻana i nā hoʻonohonoho kahua, nā laina hana, a me nā pilina ʻōnaehana. Kōkua pinepine ʻia kēia e nā drones, photogrammetry, a me ka laser scanning (LiDAR) e hana i nā hiʻohiʻona 3D.
– Ka nānā ʻana i nā mea hana: nānā i nā mea hana hale (piliki, hao, kila), nā ʻano hana kūkulu, a me nā loli kūkulu ma muli o ka hoʻoponopono hou ʻana a i ʻole ka hōʻino ʻia.
– Ke aʻo ʻana i ka ʻenekini a me ka ʻenehana: ke ʻike ʻana i ke ʻano o ka ʻenekini, kona mau loina hana, a me nā hoʻololi ʻana. Hiki i nā helu serial a i ʻole nā papa hale hana ke hahai i ke kumu a me ka makahiki o ka hana ʻana.
– Nā Waihona a me ka mōʻaukala waha: e hoʻohui ana i nā palapala ʻoihana, nā hōʻike aupuni, a me nā nīnauele me nā limahana mua e hoʻomaopopo i nā hana hana i hopu ʻole ʻia e ka ʻikepili kino.
– ʻIke ʻāina a me ke kaiapuni: ke loiloi ʻana i ka kapuaʻi kaiaola o ka ʻoihana, e like me ka haumia o ka lepo, nā loli i ke kahe ʻana o ka wai, a i ʻole nā hopena o ka ʻoki lāʻau a me ka hana ʻeli ʻana.
Me kēia ʻano hana, hiki ke "heluhelu ʻia" kahi hale hana kahiko ma ke ʻano he ʻano o nā hoʻoholo: mai ke kau ʻana i ka mīkini, nā ala mea maka, nā kaʻina hana, a hiki i nā ʻano hana hoʻolaha.
Nā hiʻohiʻona o nā mea kahiko o ka ʻoihana i loaʻa pinepine ʻia
Ma nā wahi he nui, aia ka hoʻoilina ʻoihana ma nā ʻano i manaʻo ʻia he mea maʻamau: nā ala kaʻa ma nā mahi kanu, nā hale kaupaona mahiʻai, a i ʻole nā lua ahi piliki kiʻekiʻe ma waenakonu o nā wahi noho. Aia kekahi mau wahi nui e like me:
– Hale hana hana (kō, kī, laholio, sima) nona kahi pūnaewele mahu, hale waihona a me ka hale hoʻokolohua.
– Kahi eli ʻia ai me nā tunnels, hale mīkini, hoʻokomo pamu a me ke kaula huki.
– Nā ʻōnaehana halihali e like me nā kikowaena, nā wahi hoʻopaʻa locomotive, nā alanui pou, nā alahaka hao, a me nā awa.
– Nā mea koena ikehu e like me nā mea kanu mana hydroelectric/lanahu kahiko, nā kikowaena uila, a i ʻole nā hale kiaʻi hoʻoili hanauna mua.
Aia pinepine kēia mau koena ma nā wahi koʻikoʻi kokoke i nā muliwai, nā alahao kaʻaahi, a i ʻole nā awa—e hōʻike ana ua hilinaʻi nui ka ʻoihana i ka logistics a me ka ikehu.
Ka pilikia o ka mālama ʻana: ma waena o ka waiwai mōʻaukala a me nā kaomi hoʻomohala
Hoʻopilikia pinepine ka hoʻoilina ʻoihana i nā pilikia kiʻekiʻe. Manaʻo ʻia he nui nā hale he "ʻaʻole nani," "hou loa," a i ʻole "hoʻopilikia i ke ʻano o ke kūlanakauhale," e maʻalahi ai ke wāwahi. Eia kekahi, aia kekahi mau pilikia kikoʻī:
– Ka haumia a me ka palekana: Aia kekahi mau kahua ʻoihana mua i nā mea weliweli (nā metala kaumaha, asbestos, nā koena kemika). ʻOi aku ka pipiʻi a me ka paʻakikī o ka mālama ʻana.
– Nā loli i ka hoʻohana ʻāina: aia pinepine nā wahi ʻoihana kahiko ma nā kikowaena kūlanakauhale a kokoke paha i ka halihali, no laila he kiʻekiʻe ko lākou waiwai waiwai.
– ʻAʻohe palapala: ua wāwahi ʻia nā mīkini, ua kūʻai ʻia aku ka metala ma ke ʻano he ʻōpala, ua nalowale nā waihona, no laila ua nalowale koke ke ʻano o ke kahua.
– Ka hana ʻino ʻana a me ka ʻaihue: ua ʻaihue pinepine ʻia nā ʻāpana metala waiwai nui a me nā ʻāpana, e hoʻopilikia ana i ka pono o ke kahua.
ʻO kaʻoiaʻiʻo, ke wāwahi ʻia kahi hale hana me ka ʻole o nā palapala, ʻo ka mea i nalowale ʻaʻole wale ka hale, akā, ʻo ka "ʻikepili" hoʻi e pili ana i ke ʻano o ke ola a me ka hana i kēlā manawa.
Hoʻohana hou ʻana: hoʻihoʻi i ka hoʻoilina ʻoihana i ke ola
ʻO kekahi ala e kaulana nei, ʻo ia ka hoʻohana hou ʻana i nā mea hou—ʻo ia hoʻi ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā hale ʻoihana kahiko i nā hoʻohana hou me ka ʻole o ka nalowale ʻana o ko lākou ʻano koʻikoʻi. ʻO nā laʻana, ʻo ia nā hale hana i hoʻololi ʻia i mau hale hōʻikeʻike, nā wahi hana noʻeau, nā hale waihona puke, nā mākeke, a i ʻole nā kikowaena kaiāulu. ʻElua mau pono o kēia ala: ua hoʻokō ʻia ka mālama ʻana i ka mōʻaukala, ʻoiai ua loaʻa i ka hale ka waiwai waiwai hou.
Eia nō naʻe, pono ka noʻonoʻo pono ʻana i ka hoʻohana hou ʻana. ʻO ke kūpono, mālama nā hoʻololi i nā mea nui: ke ʻano nui, nā ala kaʻapuni, kekahi mau mīkini a i ʻole nā papa hoʻomalu, a me nā moʻolelo wehewehe e like me nā papa ʻike a i ʻole nā huakaʻi hoʻonaʻauao. Ma kēia ala, ʻaʻole wale nā malihini e hauʻoli i ka wahi akā hoʻomaopopo pū i ka moʻolelo ma hope ona.
ʻO ka ʻeli ʻana o ka ʻoihana a me ka wā e hiki mai ana
I ke au o ka ʻenehana wikiwiki, hiki i nā "relics" ke puka koke mai ma mua o ko kākou manaʻo. ʻO nā kamepiula mua, nā mea kelepona analog, nā hale hana uila, a me nā ʻōnaehana pūnaewele a me nā kikowaena ʻikepili paha e lilo i mau mea e aʻo ʻia i kekahi lā. Hoʻomanaʻo mai ka ʻepekema ʻenehana iā kākou ʻaʻole wale ka ʻenehana i ka hana hou—waiho ia i nā koena mea e hoʻopilikia ai i nā kānaka , ka lewa, a me ke ao kūlohelohe.
ʻO ke aʻo ʻana i nā hoʻoilina ʻenehana ma o ka ʻeli ʻana o nā ʻoihana ʻoihana, ʻo ia hoʻi ka heluhelu ʻana i ka mōʻaukala hou me ka ʻike holoʻokoʻa: ʻaʻole wale ma o nā moʻolelo kūhelu, akā, ma o nā mīkini i luhi, nā papahele hana i ʻeha, a me nā ʻāina i hoʻololi ʻia e nā koi o ka ikehu a me ka hana ʻana. Mai laila mai, hiki iā kākou ke hoʻomaopopo pehea i kūkulu ai nā kaiāulu i ka holomua, uku no ia mea, a hāʻawi i nā haʻawina i nā hanauna e hiki mai ana.
Inā mālama pono ʻia, ʻaʻole he kaumaha o ka wā i hala ka hoʻoilina ʻoihana, akā, he kumu ʻike, ʻike pilikino, a me ka hoʻoulu manaʻo—ma hope o kēlā me kēia lua ahi, alahao, a me nā niho ʻōwili, aia kahi moʻolelo kanaka e pono ke hoʻomanaʻo ʻia.
