Ka Moolelo o nā ʻAno Hana Pena Kiʻi Kuʻuna a me ko lākou Hoʻomohala ʻana
Pendahuluan
He ʻano hana noʻeau kiʻi ka pena kiʻi i kū mai ka wā kahiko. Ma o ka pena kiʻi ʻana, hiki i nā mea pena ke kamaʻilio i nā manaʻo, nā manaʻo, a me nā moʻolelo. ʻO nā ʻano hana pena kiʻi kahiko kekahi o nā neʻe koʻikoʻi loa i ka mōʻaukala kiʻi, mai ka wā kahiko a hiki i ka Renaissance. E wehewehe kēia ʻatikala i ka mōʻaukala o nā ʻano hana pena kiʻi kahiko a pehea lākou i ulu ai a hiki i kēia lā.
Nā ʻAno Hana Pena i ka Wā Kahiko
Nā Kiʻi ʻAigupita Kahiko
Ua hoʻomaka nā ʻano hana pena kiʻi kahiko i nā lāhui kahiko, e like me ʻAigupita. Ma ʻAigupita kahiko, ua loaʻa pinepine nā kiʻi pena i nā hale kupapaʻu a me nā luakini, ʻo ia hoʻi ma ke ʻano he ʻāpana o nā kuʻuna hoʻolewa. ʻO kēia ʻano hana, i ʻike ʻia ʻo "fresco secco," pili i nā mea pena kiʻi e pena ana ma luna o ka palaki maloʻo me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā pigments i hui pū ʻia me kahi mea hoʻopaʻa e like me ka hua manu a i ʻole ke kāpili. ʻO nā kumuhana nui o kēia mau kiʻi pena, ʻo ia ke ola ma hope o ka make a me nā akua o ʻAigupita. He hōʻailona a palahalaha kēia mau kiʻi pena, e hahai ana i nā kuʻuna kiʻi paʻa.
Nā Kiʻi Helene a me Roma Kahiko
Ua hoʻokani pū ʻo Helene kahiko a me Roma i kahi kuleana koʻikoʻi i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā ʻano hana pena. ʻOi aku ka ʻike ʻia o ka pena Helene no kāna hana vase ma mua o kāna mau frescoes. Hoʻopili pinepine kēia ʻano hana i ka enameling, ʻo ia hoʻi ke pena ʻana ma luna o kahi ʻili keramika i hoʻomehana ʻia. ʻO nā kiʻi pena Roma, ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, loaʻa i ke ʻano o nā frescoes i nā kūlanakauhale i neoneo e like me Pompeii. ʻOi aku ka maoli a me ke keaka o nā frescoes Roma, e hōʻike ana i nā hiʻohiʻona mai ke ola o kēlā me kēia lā a me nā moʻolelo moʻokalaleo.
Pena Kiʻi o ke Au Waena
Kiʻi hoʻomanaʻo Karistiano
I ka wā waena o ʻEulopa, ʻo nā kiʻi pena hale pule a me nā palapala lima i hoʻomālamalama ʻia nā ʻano hana kiʻi mua. Ua lilo ke ʻano hana "tempera", kahi i hui pū ʻia ai nā pigments me kahi mea hoʻopaʻa e like me ka hua manu, i mea kaulana. Ua hoʻohana ʻia nā kiʻi pena Tempera e hana i nā panela kuahu e hōʻike ana i nā moʻolelo Baibala. ʻO ke ʻano pena i kēia wā he hōʻailona nui a ʻaʻole maoli, e hoʻoikaika ana i ka hāʻawi ʻana i nā leka hoʻomana.
ʻO ka Renaissance a me ka hānau ʻana o nā ʻenehana hou
Ua hōʻailona ka wā Renaissance i kahi hoʻāla hou ʻana o ka hoihoi i nā kiʻi kuʻuna a me ka ʻike ʻana i nā ʻano hana hou i hoʻokumu i ka realism kiʻekiʻe. ʻO kekahi o nā ʻano hana koʻikoʻi ʻo "chiaroscuro," i hana ʻia e ka mea pena kiʻi Italia ʻo Leonardo da Vinci. ʻO Chiaroscuro e pili ana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka mālamalama a me ke aka e hoʻohālikelike ai e hana i ka hoʻokalakupua o ka hohonu a me ka nui. Ua ʻae kēia ʻano hana i nā mea pena kiʻi e hōʻike i nā mea ʻekolu-dimensional ma kahi ʻili ʻelua-dimensional.
ʻO kekahi hana noʻeau mai kēia wā ʻo "sfumato," kahi ʻano hana i hoʻolaha nui ʻia e Leonardo. Hoʻohana ʻia ʻo Sfumato e hana i nā hoʻololi maalea ma waena o nā kala a me nā leo, e hāʻawi ana i kahi hopena palupalu, noe a noe paha. ʻOi aku ka kaulana o kēia ʻano hana ma ka "Mona Lisa," kahi i ʻike ʻia ai ka helehelena o Lisa Gherardini me he mea lā e ola ana.
Ua hāʻawi nui nā mea pena kiʻi nui e like me Michelangelo, Raphael, a me Titian i nā hana pena kiʻi i ka wā o ka Renaissance. ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻo ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā hana pena ʻaila i hiki ai i nā mea pena ke hoʻohui i nā papa he nui o ke kala a me nā kikoʻī maikaʻi. Ua hana ʻia a hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻaila ma ke ʻano he mea hana e nā mea pena kiʻi Dutch e like me Jan van Eyck.
ʻO Baroque a me Rococo
Baroque
I ke kenekulia 17, ua puka mai ke ʻano Baroque, i hōʻailona ʻia e kona hoʻohana ʻana i ka mālamalama a me ke aka, ka neʻe ʻana o ka ikaika, a me nā mele ikaika. ʻO nā mea pena kiʻi e like me Caravaggio lāua ʻo Rembrandt nā mea nui i kēia neʻe ʻana. ʻO ke ʻano hana tenebroso, kahi i hoʻokomo ʻia ai ka hapa nui o ka mele i loko o ke aka hohonu, me nā mea koʻikoʻi keaka, ua lilo ia i hōʻailona kālepa o Caravaggio.
ʻO Rembrandt, ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ua kaulana ʻia no kāna hoʻohana ʻana i ke ʻano a me ka impasto (ka mānoanoa o ka pena ma luna o ka ʻili o kahi kiʻi pena). Hoʻohui kēia ʻano hana i ka nui a me ke ola i kāna mau kumuhana.
ʻO Rococo
I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kenekulia 18, ua emi ke ʻano Baroque a ua pani ʻia e Rococo. Hōʻike ʻo Rococo i kahi ʻano māmā, ʻoi aku ka hoʻonaninani, a pinepine hoʻi i ka aloha. ʻO nā kala pastel a me nā haku mele asymmetrical nā ʻano koʻikoʻi. Ua kaulana nā mea pena kiʻi e like me François Boucher lāua ʻo Jean-Honoré Fragonard no kā lākou mau kiʻi pena o ka nani a me ka moekolohe, i lilo i mau kiʻi o kēia ʻano.
Ka Wā Hou a me nā ʻenehana hou
ʻO Realism a me Impressionism
I ke kenekulia 19, ua kū mai ka neʻe ʻana o Realism ma ke ʻano he pane i ke ʻano Romantic idealistic. Ua ʻimi ʻo Realism e hōʻike i ke ola o kēlā me kēia lā me ka ʻoiaʻiʻo a me ka ʻole o ka idealization. ʻO nā mea pena kiʻi e like me Gustave Courbet lāua ʻo Jean-François Millet nā poʻokela o kēia neʻe ʻana.
Ua hoʻomau ka ulu ʻana o nā ʻano hana pena kiʻi kahiko ma o ka neʻe ʻana o Impressionist, i hoʻomaka ʻia e nā mea pena kiʻi e like me Claude Monet, Edgar Degas, a me Pierre-Auguste Renoir. Ua ʻimi lākou i nā ala hou e hopu ai i ka mālamalama a me ke kala me ka manaʻo ʻole, pinepine ka pena ʻana ma waho (ma waho). Ua lilo nā ʻano hana e like me "alla prima," kahi e hoʻopau ʻia ai kahi pena i hoʻokahi kau.
Post-Impressionism a ma hope aku
ʻO ka neʻe ʻana o ka Post-Impressionist, i hōʻike ʻia e nā mea pena kiʻi e like me Vincent van Gogh, Paul Cézanne, a me Paul Gauguin, ua hoʻonui i nā ʻano hana a me nā manaʻo o ka Impressionism. Ua hoʻohana lākou i nā kala wiwo ʻole a me ka abstraction e ʻimi i ka hōʻike pilikino.
ʻAno Hoʻākāka a me ke Kiʻi Hou
Ua ʻike ʻia ke kenekulia 20 i ka hānau ʻana o nā ʻano hana noʻeau like ʻole e like me Cubism, Futurism, a me Abstract Expressionism. Ua hoʻomaka ʻia nā ʻano hana pena kiʻi kahiko e haʻalele ʻia no ka ʻimi ʻana i nā ʻano hou o ke ʻano, ke kala, a me ka manaʻo. Ua hoʻolauna nā mea pena kiʻi e like me Pablo Picasso, Wassily Kandinsky, a me Jackson Pollock i nā ala hou o ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana a me ka hana ʻana i nā hana noʻeau.
ʻO ke Kubism, i hoʻolaha ʻia e Pablo Picasso lāua ʻo Georges Braque, ua uhaʻi i nā manaʻo kuʻuna o ka ʻike. Ua wāwahi lākou i nā mea i nā ʻano geometric a kūkulu hou iā lākou ma nā ʻano hou.
ʻO ka Abstract Expressionism, i hoʻomaka ʻia e nā mea pena kiʻi ʻAmelika e like me Jackson Pollock lāua ʻo Mark Rothko, i kālele ʻia ma ke ʻano a me ke kala ma ke ʻano he ala o ka hōʻike ʻana i ka naʻau, me ka hoʻohana pinepine ʻana i nā ʻano hana e like me ka pena drip a me ka pena ʻana i ke kahua kala.
Ka hopena
He huakaʻi lōʻihi ka mōʻaukala o nā ʻano hana pena kuʻuna i piha i ka hana hou a me ka loli. Mai ka hōʻailona pālahalaha o ʻAigupita kahiko a hiki i nā ʻimi hou o ka abstraction, ke hoʻomau nei kēia mau ʻano hana i ka ulu ʻana me nā loli moʻomeheu a me ka ʻenehana. ʻOiai e loli paha nā ʻano a me nā pāpāho, ʻo ke ʻano o ka pena ʻana e mau ana: ma ke ʻano he ala e kamaʻilio ai a hōʻike i ka hihiʻo pilikino o ka mea pena kiʻi i ka honua.
