Nā kiʻi kiʻi e hoʻohana ana i nā ʻano hana paʻi kuʻuna
ʻO ka hana paʻi kiʻi he lālā o ke kiʻi maikaʻi e hoʻokūpaʻa ana i ke kaʻina hana o ka hana kope ʻana i nā kiʻi ma o nā ʻano hana paʻi. ʻAʻole e like me nā kiʻi pena hoʻokahi i loaʻa i hoʻokahi wale nō mana, hiki i ka hana paʻi kiʻi ke ola i kahi hana ma nā paʻi he nui, ʻoiai e mālama ana i kona waiwai noʻeau no ka mea ua hana ʻia ma o kahi kaʻina hana lima e koi ana i ke akamai, ka pololei, a me ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā mea. I waena o ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka ʻenehana kikohoʻe, ke mau nei nā ʻano hana paʻi kuʻuna a ke loaʻa hou nei ke kaulana, no ka mea, hōʻike lākou i kahi ʻano ʻike maka kūikawā: ke ʻano, nā māka mea hana, nā hemahema i mele maoli, a me ka hohonu o ke kaʻina hana e manaʻo nei he "ola."
Nā hana kiʻi a me ke koʻikoʻi o nā ʻano hana paʻi kuʻuna
ʻO nā ʻano hana paʻi kuʻuna i ka hana paʻi e pili ana i nā ʻano hana e hoʻohana ana i nā mea hana a me nā mea kino, e like me ka lāʻau, linoleum, nā papa metala, nā pōhaku lithography, nā ʻīnika paʻi, a me nā pepa kūikawā. Hoʻokomo pinepine ke kaʻina hana i nā ʻanuʻu lōʻihi: ka hana ʻana i kahi hoʻolālā, ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i ka matrix (mea paʻi), ke kahakaha ʻana a i ʻole ke kālai ʻana, ka hōʻoia ʻana (ka paʻi hoʻāʻo), a laila ka paʻi ʻana ma nā pae a hiki i ka loaʻa ʻana o ka hopena i makemake ʻia. Pono kēlā me kēia ʻanuʻu i nā hoʻoholo noʻeau, ʻaʻole wale nā mea loea. ʻO ia ke kumu i manaʻo ʻia ai ka paʻi kuʻuna ʻaʻole wale he ʻano hana hou i nā kiʻi, akā he mea hōʻike me kāna ʻōlelo ʻike ponoʻī.
Eia kekahi, ua hoʻokani nā ʻano hana kuʻuna i kahi kuleana koʻikoʻi i ka mōʻaukala o ke kamaʻilio ʻike maka. Ma mua o ke kiʻi ʻana a me nā mīkini paʻi hou, ua hana pinepine ʻia nā kiʻi puke, nā pepa hoʻolaha, nā palapala ʻāina, a me nā kiʻi ʻepekema me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻano hana paʻi lima. I nā huaʻōlelo ʻē aʻe, ua kōkua nui ka hana paʻi kuʻuna i ka hoʻolaha ʻana o ka ʻike a me ka moʻomeheu ʻike maka o ke kaiāulu.
Nā ʻano hana paʻi kuʻuna i nā kiʻi kiʻi
Ma keʻano laulā, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā ʻano hana paʻi kuʻuna i nā kiʻi kiʻi i kekahi mau pūʻulu nui: ka paʻi relief, ka paʻi intaglio, ka planography, a me ka paʻi pale (serigraphy). Loaʻa i kēlā me kēia kāna mau loina hana ponoʻī a me nā ʻano ʻike maka.
1. Paʻi hoʻāla: kālai lāʻau a me ka linocut
ʻO ka paʻi kiʻekiʻe-hoʻonā he ʻano hana ia e ʻoki ʻia ai a ʻokiʻoki ʻia paha nā wahi i paʻi ʻole ʻia, ʻoiai e loaʻa ana ka ʻīnika i nā wahi i koe a hoʻoili ʻia i ka pepa. ʻElua mau ʻano hana kaulana i kēia hui, ʻo ia ke kālai lāʻau/ʻoki lāʻau a me ka linocut.
Hoʻohana nā ʻoki lāʻau i kahi poloka lāʻau ma ke ʻano he matrix. Kahakiʻi ka mea pena kiʻi i kahi hoʻolālā ma luna o ka ʻili o ka lāʻau, a laila kālai i nā wahi kikoʻī me kahi chisel. He ikaika pinepine nā ʻoki lāʻau, wiwo ʻole, a me ke ʻano, no ka mea hiki i ka ʻili lāʻau ke puka mai ma ke ʻano he mea ʻike maka. Hoʻokumu kēia ʻano hana i kahi manaʻo "organic" a hōʻike. I ka mōʻaukala kiʻi, ua ʻike nui ʻia nā ʻoki lāʻau ma o nā hana kiʻi ʻEulopa o ka wā medieval a me Renaissance, a ua hoʻomohala ʻia hoʻi i loko o nā kuʻuna paʻi Kepani e like me ukiyo-e.
Hoʻohana ʻo Linocut i ka linoleum ma kahi o ka lāʻau. No ka mea, ʻoi aku ka palupalu o kona ʻili a emi iki ka fibrous, ʻae ʻo linocut i nā laina maikaʻi a me nā ʻili pālahalaha. Makemake ʻia kēia ʻano hana no nā hoʻolālā wiwo ʻole, nā pāʻani ʻeleʻele a keʻokeʻo, a i ʻole nā mele hoʻonaninani. I ka hana hou, hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ʻo linocut no nā pepa hoʻolaha kiʻi, nā kiʻi, a me nā hana kiʻi i pili i ka nohona.
2. Paʻi ʻana intaglio: kālai ʻana, kahakaha ʻana, a me ka drypoint
I ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i ka paʻi ʻana intaglio, hana ka paʻi ʻana intaglio ma ke ʻano ʻē aʻe: hoʻopili ʻia ka ʻīnika i nā wahi i kālai ʻia a i kālai ʻia paha (indentations) ma ka pā. Hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia ka ʻili o ka pā, a laila kaomi paʻa ʻia ka pepa e hoʻoili i ka ʻīnika mai nā indentations. ʻO ka maʻamau, kikoʻī loa nā paʻi ʻana intaglio, loaʻa ka hohonu o ke kani, a pinepine nā laina maikaʻi keu.
ʻO ke kālai ʻana ke ʻano hana o ke kālai ʻana i nā papa metala (ʻo ke keleawe a i ʻole ka zinc) me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi burin. He ʻoi a pololei nā laina hopena, kūpono no nā kikoʻī paʻakikī a me kahi manaʻo kuʻuna.
Hoʻohana ke kālai ʻana i ka waikawa e "nahu" i nā wahi i hōʻike ʻia o ka pā. Hoʻopili ka mea pena kiʻi i ka pā me kahi papa lepo (pale pale), huki me kahi nila kālai e hōʻike i ka papa, a laila hoʻoluʻu i ka pā i loko o kahi hopena waikawa. ʻAe kēia ʻano hana i ke kūʻokoʻa gestural no ka mea ua hana ʻia ke kiʻi me he mea lā e kahakiʻi pololei ana.
Hoʻokumu ʻo Drypoint i kahi laina pololei me ka ʻole o ka waikawa, e hana ana i nā laina e palupalu a huluhulu (burr), e hāʻawi ana i kahi manaʻo mele a pilikino. Eia nō naʻe, maʻalahi ka ʻaʻahu ʻana o ka burr, no laila ʻoi aku ka palena o ka helu o nā paʻi.
3. Planography (planography): lithography
Hana ka Lithography ma ke kumumanaʻo ʻaʻole e hui pū ka ʻaila a me ka wai. Ma ke ʻano maʻamau, hoʻohana ka lithography i ka pōhaku lepo. Kahakiʻi ka mea pena kiʻi ma luna o ka pōhaku me nā penikala ʻaila a i ʻole ka ʻīnika kūikawā. A laila mālama ʻia ka pōhaku me ka kemika i hiki i nā ʻāpana o ke kiʻi ke ʻae i ka ʻīnika, aʻo nā ʻāpana ʻē aʻe e pale aku i ka ʻīnika ma ka omo ʻana i ka wai.
ʻO ka pōmaikaʻi o ka lithography ʻo ia kona hiki ke hopu i kahi kiʻi i kaha lima ʻia: nā gradations, nā kaha crayon, a me nā nuances leonal maalea. Hoʻohana nui ʻia ka lithography no nā pepa hoʻolaha kiʻi, nā kiʻi, a me nā hana e pono ai ka hopena pena. ʻOiai he paʻakikī ke kaʻina hana a koi i nā pono kūikawā, ʻo ka lithography kekahi o nā ʻano hana paʻi kuʻuna "noʻeau" loa ma ke ʻano o ka maʻalahi o ka ʻike.
4. Paʻi pale (serigraphy): pale silika kuʻuna
Hoʻohana ka paʻi pale silika i ka gauze (i kapa pinepine ʻia ʻo silika) i hohola ʻia ma luna o kahi mōlina. Uhi ʻia nā wahi i ʻole e hele ai ka ʻīnika me ka emulsion a i ʻole kahi stencil, ʻoiai ʻo nā wahi i hōʻike ʻia e ʻae i ka ʻīnika e kaomi ʻia ma luna o ka pepa a i ʻole ka lole me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka squeegee.
Ua kaulana ʻo Serigraphy no kona mau waihoʻoluʻu wiwo ʻole, nā ʻili pālahalaha, a me ka hiki ke paʻi ma nā ʻano media like ʻole, me nā lole. I ke kiʻi o kēia wā, pili pinepine ʻia ka serigraphy me nā pepa hoʻolaha, ka hoʻolālā kiʻi, a me nā kiʻi pop. ʻOiai ua loaʻa nā mana kikohoʻe i kēia manawa, mālama ka serigraphy kuʻuna i kona hoihoi ma muli o ka mana lima ma luna o ka ʻīnika, nā papa o ke kala, a me ka hiki ke hoʻokolohua me ke ʻano a me ka transparency.
ʻO ka waiwai nani a me ke ʻano kū hoʻokahi o nā hana kiʻi kiʻi kuʻuna
He ʻano kū hoʻokahi ko ka hana paʻi kuʻuna i paʻakikī ke kope me ka paʻi kikohoʻe. ʻO ka mea mua, aia nā "kaha hana" i ʻike ʻia: kaomi paʻi, mānoanoa o ka ʻīnika, a i ʻole ke ʻano matrix. ʻO ka lua, he ʻokoʻa iki kēlā me kēia paʻi, ʻoiai ma nā ʻano hana e like me ke kālai lāʻau a i ʻole ka drypoint. Hoʻolilo kēia mau ʻokoʻa i kēlā me kēia paʻi i mea kū hoʻokahi, ʻoiai ua hoʻomaka lākou mai ka matrix like.
Eia kekahi, loaʻa i nā paʻi ma ke ʻano paʻi kuʻuna kahi ʻōnaehana helu a me ka hōʻoia. ʻO ka maʻamau, kau inoa a helu nā mea pena kiʻi i ka paʻi (e.g., 3/25), e hōʻike ana i ke kauoha paʻi i loko o ka huina o nā kope. Hoʻohui kēia i ka waiwai hōʻiliʻili a hoʻokūpaʻa i ka palena hana, e kūʻē i ka hana hou nui palena ʻole.
Ke koʻikoʻi o nā ʻano hana kuʻuna i ka wā kikohoʻe
I ke au o ka hoʻolālā kamepiula a me nā mīkini paʻi kiʻekiʻe, hāʻawi nā ʻano hana paʻi kuʻuna i kahi koho ʻē aʻe e kaulike ana i ka wikiwiki o ka ʻenehana. Ke hoʻi nei ka nui o nā mea pena kiʻi ʻōpio i ke kālai ʻana, ka etching, a i ʻole ka serigraphy, e ʻimi ana i kahi hana lohi a me ka noʻonoʻo. Paipai pū nā ʻano hana kuʻuna i ka hoʻokolohua: ke kāwili ʻana i nā ʻano hana, ka hoʻopili ʻana i nā paʻi, a i ʻole ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea maʻamau ʻole e like me ka pepa hana lima, ka lole, a me nā ʻili hana hou ʻia.
Eia kekahi, ʻo ka hoʻi hou ʻana o nā kaiāulu studio kiʻi, nā hale hana, a me nā hōʻikeʻike hana paʻi e hōʻike ana he wahi koʻikoʻi ko nā ʻano hana kuʻuna. ʻAʻole ia he nostalgia wale nō, akā he koho aesthetic a me kahi ʻano hana noʻeau: ka mahalo ʻana i nā mea hana, ka hānai ʻana i ka hana lima, a me ke apo ʻana i ke kaʻina hana ma ke ʻano he ʻāpana o ke ʻano.
Pani
ʻO ka hana paʻi kiʻi me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻano hana paʻi kuʻuna he hōʻike ia ʻaʻole e hoʻoikaika mau ke kiʻi no ka ʻoluʻolu koke. Mai nā kiʻi lāʻau hōʻike a me nā intaglios kikoʻī a me ka lithography palupalu a hiki i ka serigraphy wiwo ʻole a momona, hāʻawi nā ʻano hana kuʻuna i nā ʻano ʻōlelo ʻike like ʻole. Ma hope o kēlā me kēia ʻaoʻao i paʻi ʻia aia kahi moʻo o nā hoʻoholo kiʻi, ka hana lima, a me kahi kamaʻilio hohonu me nā mea. ʻO ia ke kumu e pili mau ai ka hana paʻi kiʻi kuʻuna: hāʻawi ia i kahi ʻokoʻa, ka hana lima, a me kahi ʻike ʻike hiki ʻole ke pani maʻalahi ʻia e ka ʻenehana, ʻoiai e wehe ana i nā hiki hana palena ʻole no nā mea pena kiʻi ma nā hanauna.
