Ka'idar motsi ta iskar gas ta bayyana cewa kowace abu tana ƙunshe da ƙwayoyin atom ko molecules, kuma waɗannan ƙwayoyin atom ko molecules suna cikin motsi mai ci gaba da bazuwar. Wannan hasashe na ka'idar motsi ya dace da yanayi da yanayin ƙwayoyin atom ko molecules da suka samar da iskar gas. Ƙarfin jan hankali tsakanin ƙwayoyin atom ko molecules da suka samar da iskar gas yana da rauni sosai, yana ba da damar ƙwayoyin atom ko molecules su motsa cikin 'yanci.
Lokacin motsi, ƙwayoyin halitta ko ƙwayoyin halitta suna da saurin gudu. Kwayoyin halitta ko ƙwayoyin halitta suma suna da nauyi. Saboda suna da taro (m) da sauri (v), ƙwayoyin halitta ko ƙwayoyin halitta suna da kuzarin motsi (EK) da motsi (p). Ƙarfin motsi : EK = 1⁄2 mv 2. Yayin da motsi : p = m v. Baya ga kuzarin motsi da motsi, akwai kuma ƙarfi (F). Lokacin motsi cikin 'yanci, karo yana faruwa. Don haka ƙarfi yana tasowa saboda canjin motsi lokacin da karo ya faru. Ku tuna kuma tattaunawar game da motsi da motsi. Ƙarfin motsi, motsi da ƙarfin motsawa sune ginshiƙin tattaunawarmu a cikin kayan motsi (dokokin Newton, motsi da motsi). Za mu iya cewa ka'idar motsi na iskar gas a zahiri tana amfani da kimiyyar motsi a matakin ƙwayoyin halitta ko ƙwayoyin da ke samar da abubuwan iskar gas.
Tsarin Iskar Gas Mai Kyau (bisa ga macroscopic properties na iskar gas)
A cikin tattaunawar dokokin iskar gas, an yi bayani dalla-dalla kan adadi uku da ke bayyana halayen iskar gas na gaske. Waɗannan adadi uku sune Zafin Jiki (T), Ƙara (V), da Matsi (P). Alaƙar da ke tsakanin waɗannan adadi uku na macroscopic an bayyana ta a cikin Dokar Boyle, Dokar Charles, da Dokar Gay-Lussac. Ya kamata a lura cewa waɗannan dokoki uku sun shafi iskar gas na gaske waɗanda ke da ƙarancin matsin lamba da yawa (yawa = taro / girma). Waɗannan dokoki uku kuma sun shafi iskar gas na gaske waɗanda yanayin zafinsu bai kai ga zafin tafasarsu ba.
Dokar Boyle, dokar Charles, da dokar Gay-Lussac ba su shafi dukkan yanayin iskar gas na gaske ba, don haka za mu iya ƙirƙirar samfurin iskar gas mai kyau. Iskar gas mai kyau ba ta wanzu a rayuwar yau da kullun ba; kawai siffofi ne cikakke waɗanda aka ƙirƙira da gangan don taimakawa nazarinmu, kama da jikin da ke da tauri da ruwa mai kyau. Saboda haka, muna ɗauka cewa dokar Boyle, dokar Charles, da dokar Gay-Lussac sun shafi duk yanayin iskar gas mai kyau. Kasancewar samfurin iskar gas mai kyau yana taimaka mana mu bincika alaƙar da ke tsakanin adadin iskar gas mai girma.
Dokar iskar gas mai kyau an bayyana ta a cikin lissafi biyu, wato PV = nRT (dokar iskar gas mai kyau a cikin moles) da PV = NkT (dokar iskar gas mai kyau a cikin kwayoyin halitta). Muna ɗauka cewa iskar gas mai kyau tana gamsar da waɗannan daidaitattun biyun. A wata ma'anar, dokar iskar gas mai kyau ta shafi duk yanayin iskar gas mai kyau, duka lokacin da matsin lamba ko yawan iskar gas mai kyau ya yi girma sosai da kuma lokacin da zafin iskar gas mai kyau ya kusa da wurin tafasa. Akasin haka, dokar iskar gas mai kyau ba ta shafi duk yanayin iskar gas na gaske ba. Dokar iskar gas mai kyau ta shafi ne kawai lokacin da matsin lamba da yawan iskar gas na gaske ba su yi girma ba. Dokar iskar gas mai kyau kuma tana aiki ne kawai lokacin da zafin iskar gas na gaske bai kusa da wurin tafasa ba. Dangane da wannan ɗan taƙaitaccen bayanin, za mu iya cewa iskar gas na gaske suna da halaye iri ɗaya da iskar gas mai kyau kawai lokacin da yawan iskar gas da matsin lamba na iskar gas na gaske ba su yi girma ba kuma lokacin da zafin iskar gas na gaske bai kusa da wurin tafasa ba.
An yi nazarin manufar iskar gas mai kyau da aka bayyana a sama daga mahangar macroscopic. Duk da cewa iskar gas mai kyau kawai samfurin da ya dace ne, har yanzu ana ɗaukarta a matsayin iskar gas da ta ƙunshi ƙwayoyin halitta ko ƙwayoyin halitta masu motsi cikin 'yanci. Saboda haka, zai zama da amfani a tattauna manufar iskar gas mai kyau daga mahangar microscopic.
Tsarin Iskar Gas Mai Kyau (bisa ga ƙananan halayen iskar gas)
Ga taƙaitaccen bayani wanda ke bayanin yanayin ƙananan yanayin iskar gas mai kyau, wanda ya dogara ne akan Ka'idar Kinetic of Gases:
1. Iskar gas mai kyau ta ƙunshi barbashi, waɗanda ake kira ƙwayoyin halitta. Adadin ƙwayoyin halitta yana da girma sosai. Kwayoyin iskar gas masu kyau na iya ƙunsar atom ɗaya ko atom da yawa. Kowace ƙwayar halitta tana da taro (m) kuma tana motsawa bazuwar a cikin dukkan kwatance a wani takamaiman gudu (v).
2. Nisa tsakanin kowace kwayar halitta ya fi diamita na kowace kwayar halitta girma.
3. Waɗannan ƙwayoyin suna bin dokokin motsi kuma suna hulɗa da juna lokacin da karo ya faru.
4. Haɗuwa tsakanin ƙwayoyin halitta ko tsakanin ƙwayoyin halitta da bangon kwantena haɗari ne na roba kuma kowace haɗuwa tana faruwa cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci.
A cikin karo mai laushi, dokar kiyaye makamashi tana aiki (makamashi kafin karo = makamashi bayan karo) da kuma dokar kiyaye kuzari (momentum kafin karo = momentum bayan karo).
Bitar Hadarin Motsa Jiki don Ka'idar Kinetic na Gas
Yi bitar dangantakar adadi tsakanin adadi mai yawa na iskar gas da ƙananan ƙwayoyin iskar gas. Adadin da ke bayyana halayen macroscopic na iskar gas sune zafin jiki (T), girma (V), da matsin lamba (P). A halin yanzu, adadin da ke bayyana halayen ƙananan ƙwayoyin iskar gas sune gudu ko gudu (v), motsi (p), ƙarfi (F), da kuzarin motsi (EK) na ƙwayoyin atom ko ƙwayoyin da suka samar da iskar.
Domin taimakawa wajen gano wannan alaƙar, bari mu yi la'akari da wasu ƙwayoyin iskar gas a cikin akwati mai rufewa. Tsawon gefen akwatin shine l kuma yankin da ke haɗa sassan shine A.
Kwayoyin halittar suna da nauyi (m) kuma lokacin da suke motsawa suna da saurin (v). Saboda an rufe kwantena, akwai yiwuwar karo tsakanin kwayoyin halitta da bangon kwantena waɗanda ke da yankin saman A.
Domin sauƙaƙa nazarin, kawai muna la'akari da karo da ke faruwa a bangon hagu (bangon yana layi ɗaya da axis na z). Bari mu fara la'akari da karo da kwayar halitta guda ɗaya ta fuskanta. Bari mu kira ta kwayar halitta 1. Yawanta m1 ne kuma saurinta v1 ne . Alkiblar motsi zuwa hagu an saita ta zuwa mara kyau, yayin da alkiblar motsi zuwa dama an saita ta zuwa mara kyau.
Za mu iya ɗauka cewa kafin mu taɓa bangon akwati, motsin kwayar yana daidai da axis ɗin x kuma alkiblar motsinsa tana hagu. Saboda haka, akwai wani ɓangaren gudu a kan axis ɗin x wanda ke da ƙimar korau (‐v).1x Domin yana da nauyi (m1) da kuma saurin (-v1x), to, kwayar halittar tana da karfin motsi (p1 = -m1 v1x). Wannan shine farkon motsi. Lokacin da kwayar halittar ta bugi bango, tana yin ƙarfin aiki a bango. Saboda akwai ƙarfin aiki, bangon yana yin ƙarfin amsawa. Ƙarfin amsawa daga bango yana sa kwayar halittar ta tashi zuwa dama. Saboda alkiblar motsi tana zuwa dama, ɓangaren saurin kwayar halittar yana da kyau (v).1x). Motsin kwayar halitta bayan karo shine: p2 = m1 v1xWannan shine karo na ƙarshe.
Girman canjin karfin wutar lantarki sakamakon karo shine:
Jimlar ƙarfin = ƙarfin ƙarshe - ƙarfin farko
Jimlar p = p 2 – p 1
Jimlar p = m 1 v 1x - (‐m 1 v 1x )
Jimlar p = 2m 1 v 1x
2m 1 v 1x = jimlar motsi ga karo ɗaya. Saboda karo na kwayoyin halitta yana da cikakkiyar roba, ba sau ɗaya kawai ba amma akai-akai. A cikin karo na roba mai kyau, dokokin kiyaye makamashi da dokar kiyaye kuzari suna aiki. Ƙarfi da ƙarfin kuzari kafin karo = kuzari da ƙarfin kuzari bayan karo. Saboda haka, ƙwayoyin halitta ba za su taɓa daina motsi ba (ana kiyaye kuzari). Gudun ƙwayoyin halitta kuma ba ya raguwa (ana kiyaye ƙarfin kuzari).
Bayan ya yi karo da bangon hagu, kwayar halittar ta koma dama har sai ta yi karo da bangon dama. Bayan ta yi karo da bangon dama, kwayar halittar ta koma hagu don sake yin karo da bangon hagu. Tunda tsawon gefen akwatin = l, sannan bayan ta yi karo da bangon hagu a karon farko, kwayar halittar za ta yi tafiya ta nisan lita 2 kafin ta yi karo da bangon hagu a karo na biyu (2l = nisan tafiya da zagayawa). Lokacin da ake motsa nisan lita 2, kwayar halittar za ta buƙaci takamaiman tazara (bari mu kira shi delta t). Adadin tazara (delta t) da ake buƙata don kwayar halittar ta motsa ta nisan lita 2, an rubuta shi ta lissafi kamar haka:
Delta t shine tazara tsakanin kowace karo. Lokacin da kwayar halittar ta bugi bango, tana yin ƙarfin aiki a bango. Saboda tana karɓar ƙarfin aiki, bangon yana yin ƙarfin amsawa. Kasancewar wannan ƙarfin amsawa yana sa kwayar halittar ta sake motsawa zuwa dama. A wannan yanayin, alkiblar motsin kwayar halittar yana canzawa. Da farko, kwayar halittar tana motsawa zuwa hagu (-v 1x ), bayan ta bugi bango, kwayar halittar tana motsawa zuwa dama (v 1x ). Canjin alkiblar motsi yana haifar da canji a cikin motsi (momentum na ƙarshe - momentum na farko = m1 v1x - (-m1 v1x) = 2m1 v1x). Za mu iya cewa canjin motsi yana faruwa ne saboda jimlar ƙarfin da bangon ke yi. Girman jimlar ƙarfin da bangon ke yi, a lissafi:
Akwatin da ke sama yana nuna kwayar halitta ɗaya kawai. Wannan ba yana nufin akwai kwayar halitta ɗaya kawai a cikin akwatin ba. A zahiri, akwai ƙwayoyin halitta da yawa na iskar gas. Girman ƙarfin da ke kan dukkan ƙwayoyin halitta na iskar gas a cikin akwatin a lissafi ne:
F = F1 + F2 + F3 +….. + Fn
F1 = jimlar ƙarfi ga ƙwayoyin halitta 1
F2 = jimlar ƙarfi ga ƙwayoyin halitta 2
F3 = jimlar ƙarfi ga ƙwayoyin halitta 3
…… = da sauransu
Fn = jimlar ƙarfi ga ƙwayoyin halitta 4
Adadin ƙwayoyin halitta yana da yawa sosai, don haka kawai muna rubuta alamar n. n = ƙwayar ƙarshe.
m1 = nauyin kwayoyin halitta 1, m2 = nauyin kwayoyin halitta 2, m3 = nauyin kwayoyin halitta 3, mn = nauyin kwayoyin halitta na ƙarshe. m1 + m2 + m3 + ….. + mn = m (tarin iskar gas a cikin akwatin). l = tsawon gefen akwatin. Duk kwayoyin halitta dole ne su yi tafiya iri ɗaya l.
v 12x = saurin kwayoyin halitta 1, v 22 x = saurin kwayoyin halitta 2, v 33 x = saurin kwayoyin halitta 3, v n2 x = saurin kwayoyin halitta na ƙarshe. Gudun kowace kwayar halitta ya bambanta, saboda haka muna buƙatar ƙididdige matsakaicin saurin dukkan kwayoyin halitta. Don ƙididdige matsakaicin saurin kwayoyin halitta, za mu iya raba saurin dukkan kwayoyin halitta da adadin kwayoyin halitta. A cikin ka'idar motsi na iskar gas, yawan kwayoyin halitta yawanci ana ba da alamar N. A lissafi, matsakaicin saurin dukkan kwayoyin halitta ana rubuta shi kamar haka:
A bayanin da ya gabata, an ɗauka cewa ƙwayoyin suna motsawa a layi ɗaya da axis ɗin x. An yi wannan zato ne don sauƙaƙa nazarin kawai. A zahiri, duk ƙwayoyin iskar gas da ke cikin akwatin ba sa motsawa a kowane bangare bazuwar. Saboda motsinsu yana faruwa bazuwar, ban da samun matsakaicin ɓangaren gudu akan axis ɗin x, ƙwayoyin suna da matsakaicin ɓangaren gudu akan axis ɗin y ko z. Don haka, matsakaicin saurin ƙwayoyin iskar gas = jimlar jimlar matsakaicin sassan gudu akan axis ɗin x, axis ɗin y, da z. A lissafi, an rubuta shi kamar haka:
Saboda ƙwayoyin suna motsawa bazuwar, abubuwan da ke kan axis-x, axis-y, da z-axis suna da girma iri ɗaya. A lissafi, an rubuta wannan kamar haka:
F = girman ƙarfin da ƙwayoyin iskar gas ke yi a bangon akwati wanda ke da faɗin saman A.
Alaƙa tsakanin Matsi (P) da Yawan Microscopic
Matsi (P) adadi ne da ke nuna halayen iskar gas mai girman gaske. Yi la'akari da matsin lamba bisa ga ƙananan halayen iskar gas. Girman matsin lambar da ƙwayoyin iskar gas ke yi a bango mai yankin giciye-sashe A shine:
Bayani:
P = Matsi
N = Adadin ƙwayoyin iskar gas
m = taro
v = Matsakaicin saurin ƙwayoyin halitta
V = girman akwati
