An samo ka'idar equipartition of energy ta hanyar ka'ida ta Clerk Maxwell ta amfani da makanikan kididdiga. Ana kiranta ka'idar saboda ba ta da wata hujja ta gwaji. Rarraba makamashi yana nufin rarraba makamashi daidai gwargwado.
Makamashin motsi na fassara ya samo asali ne daga motsin fassara, wanda ke da sassa uku na gudu: axis na x, axis na y, da axis na z. Waɗannan sassa uku na gudu shine dalilin da ya sa lamba 3 ta bayyana a cikin lissafin da ke sama. Kowane ɓangaren gudu ana kiransa digiri na 'yanci. Saboda akwai sassa uku na gudu, makamashin motsi na fassara yana da matakai uku na 'yanci.
Ka'idar equipartition of equipartion ta bayyana cewa dole ne a rarraba makamashi daidai gwargwado tsakanin dukkan matakan 'yanci. Don haka, matsakaicin makamashi ga kowane mataki na 'yanci shine 1⁄2 kT.
Kwayoyin iskar gas na Monatomic
Kwayoyin iskar Monatomic suna yin motsi ne kawai na fassara don haka ƙwayoyin iskar monatomic suna da digiri 3 na 'yanci.
Matsakaicin kuzarin motsi na kowace kwayar halitta ta iskar gas mai suna monatomic shine:
3 (1⁄2 kT) = 3/2 kT = 3/2 nRT.
Ƙarfin zafi na ƙwayoyin iskar gas na monatomic:
C = 3/2 R = 3/2 (8,315 J/mol.K) = 12,47 J/Kg.K
Kwayoyin iskar diatomic
Baya ga motsi na fassara, ƙwayoyin iskar gas na diatomic suma suna yin motsi na juyawa da girgiza. Adadin digiri na 'yanci don motsi na fassara = 3. Digiri nawa na 'yanci don motsi na juyawa da girgiza?
Akwai gatari uku na juyawa, wato gatari x, y da z. Motsin juyawa game da gatari x ba a haɗa shi cikin lissafin ba saboda atom biyu da suka samar da kwayar sun yi daidai da gatari na juyawa. Idan suka yi daidai da gatari x, lokacin inertia na atom biyu = 0. Don haka, adadin digiri na 'yanci don motsi na juyawa = 2.
Matsakaicin kuzarin kowace kwayar iskar diatomic shine:
3 (1⁄2 kT) + 2 (1⁄2 kT) = 5/2 kT = 5/2 nRT.
Ƙarfin zafi na ƙwayoyin iskar diatomic:
C = 5/2 R = 5/2 (8,315 J/mol.K) = 20,79 J/Kg.K
Ƙarfin zafin kwayoyin halitta da aka samu a ka'ida ya ɗan fi girman ƙarfin zafin gaske. 
Kwayoyin iskar diatomic da aka samu ta hanyar gwaje-gwaje.
Lokacin da ake girgiza, ƙwayoyin iskar diatomic suna da nau'ikan makamashi guda biyu: kuzarin motsi da makamashin elastic potential. Saboda haka, adadin digiri na 'yanci don motsin girgiza shine 2.
Matsakaicin kuzarin kowace kwayar iskar diatomic shine:
3 (1⁄2 kT) + 2 (1⁄2 kT) + 2 (1⁄2 kT) = 7/2 kT = 7/2 nRT.
Ƙarfin zafi na ƙwayoyin iskar diatomic:
C = 7/2 R = 7/2 (8,315 J/mol.K) = 29,1 J/Kg.K
Don Allah a kwatanta wannan sakamakon da ƙarfin zafin ƙwayoyin iskar diatomic da aka samu ta hanyar gwaji. Bambancin yana da mahimmanci. Kwayoyin iskar diatomic suna da digiri 7 na 'yanci (motsi na fassara, juyawa, da girgiza), don haka ƙarfin zafin ƙwayoyin iskar diatomic da aka samu ta hanyar gwaji ya kamata ya kasance kusan 29,1 J/Kg.J.
Tasirin motsin girgiza akan ƙarfin zafi na ƙwayoyin iskar gas na diatomic shi ma ya dogara ne akan kewayon zafin jiki (T). An gudanar da gwaje-gwajen da suka gabata a kan ƙaramin kewayon zafin jiki. Gwaje-gwajen da aka gudanar kwanan nan a kan faɗin kewayon zafin jiki sun nuna cewa ƙarfin zafi na ƙwayoyin iskar gas shi ma ya dogara ne akan kewayon zafin jiki. Don fahimtar wannan batu sosai, bari mu bincika bambancin ƙarfin zafi na ƙwayoyin iskar hydrogen a yanayin zafi daban-daban.
Bambancin ƙarfin zafi na ƙwayoyin iskar hydrogen a yanayin zafi daban-daban.
Haydrojiin (H)2) gami da iskar gas mai siffar diatomic. Hoton da ke gefe yana nuna bambancin ƙarfin zafi na ƙwayoyin iskar hydrogen a yanayin zafi daban-daban. Ƙimar ƙarfin zafi na ƙwayoyin halitta na 5/2 R = 20,79 J/Kg.K yana cikin kewayon zafin jiki na kimanin 250 K zuwa 750 K. Ƙasa da 250 K, ƙarfin zafi na ƙwayoyin halitta na iskar hydrogen yana raguwa akai-akai har sai ya kai 3/2 R = 12,47 J/Kg.K. Akasin haka, sama da 750 K, ƙarfin zafi na ƙwayoyin halitta na iskar gas yana ƙaruwa akai-akai har sai ya kai 7/2 R = 29,1 J/Kg.K.
Dangane da wannan gaskiyar, za mu iya cewa a yanayin zafi mai ƙasa, ƙwayoyin iskar gas suna yin motsi ne kawai na fassara. Da zarar zafin ya ƙaru, ƙwayoyin iskar gas suna yin motsi ne kawai na juyawa. A yanayin zafi mai yawa, ƙwayoyin iskar gas suna karo da juna, wanda ke sa ƙwayoyin da suka samar da ƙwayoyin su yi motsi na girgiza. Don haka, waɗannan nau'ikan motsi guda uku suna faruwa a matakai, da farko motsi ne na fassara (ƙananan yanayin zafi), sannan juyawa (matsakaicin yanayin zafi), sannan a ƙarshe fassara + juyawa + girgiza (mafi yawan zafin jiki). Motsin girgiza yana faruwa ne kawai lokacin da ƙwayoyin iska suka yi karo da juna.
Wannan ba wai kawai ga iskar hydrogen ba ne, har ma ya shafi wasu iskar gas. Masana kimiyya sun gano cewa ƙarfin zafi na ƙwayoyin iskar gas yana canzawa tare da zafin jiki. Canje-canjen sun yi kama da waɗanda iskar hydrogen ke fuskanta, amma saboda tsarin kowace iskar gas ya bambanta (adadi da nau'ikan ƙwayoyin zarra da suke ɗauke da su), canje-canje a ƙarfin zafi kuma yana faruwa a kan kewayon zafin jiki daban-daban.
Ka'idar equipartition of equipment ta bayyana cewa dole ne a rarraba jimlar makamashi daidai gwargwado a kowane mataki na 'yanci. A zahiri, ƙarin kuzarin da ƙwayoyin iskar gas ke samu ba a rarraba shi daidai gwargwado a kowane mataki na 'yanci ba, amma ana rarraba shi a hankali. Bugu da ƙari, daidaiton ƙarfin zafin kwayoyin halitta na iskar gas, wanda muka samo ta hanyar ka'ida bisa ga ka'idar motsi na iskar gas, ya bayyana cewa ƙarfin zafin kwayoyin halitta ya dogara ne kawai akan R (1/2 R ga kowane mataki na 'yanci). A zahiri, ƙarfin zafin kwayoyin halitta kuma yana shafar zafin jiki (T).
Za a iya zana wasu kammaluwa. Na farko, ka'idar equipartition of energy ta samo asali ne daga makanikan kididdiga na gargajiya, wanda ya dogara ne akan dokokin makanikan Newton. Na biyu, ka'idar kinetic of gas, wanda muke amfani da shi don bayyana motsin kwayoyin iskar gas, shi ma ya dogara ne akan dokokin makanikan Newton. Saboda an karya ka'idar equipartition of energy da ka'idar kinetic of gas, za a iya kammala da cewa dokokin makanikan Newton ba za su iya bayyana motsi da ke faruwa a matakin atomic ko molecular ba. A wata ma'anar, makanikan Newtonian, ko makanikan gargajiya, za su iya bayyana motsi na abu ne kawai a manyan sikelin.
