Bakan Wave na Electromagnetic: Bayani Mai Zurfi
Raƙuman lantarki muhimmin abu ne a fannin kimiyyar lissafi, wanzuwarsu da amfaninsu sun mamaye fannoni da dama na rayuwar zamani. Daga siginar rediyo da muke ji kowace rana zuwa hasken X-ray da ke taimakawa wajen gano cututtuka, hasken lantarki yana taka muhimmiyar rawa. A cikin wannan labarin, za mu binciki manufar hasken lantarki, daga ma'anarsa ta asali zuwa aikace-aikacensa a fannoni daban-daban.
Fahimtar Raƙuman Wutar Lantarki
Raƙuman lantarki masu amfani da wutar lantarki sune raƙuman ruwa waɗanda ke ɗauke da makamashin lantarki kuma suna iya yaɗuwa ta cikin injin. Waɗannan raƙuman ruwa an bayyana su ta manyan sassa guda biyu: filin lantarki da filin maganadisu, waɗanda ke juyawa da motsawa a tsaye zuwa ga juna da kuma alkiblar yaɗuwar raƙuman ruwa. Wannan yana nufin cewa idan filin lantarki ya yi juyawa sama da ƙasa, filin maganadisu zai yi juyawa hagu da dama, yayin da raƙuman ruwa da kansa ke tafiya gaba.
Bakan lantarki mai maganadisu
Bakan lantarki yana nufin kewayon dukkan raƙuman lantarki da ke akwai, waɗanda aka rarraba su ta hanyar tsawonsu ko mitarsu. Tsawon raƙuman ruwa shine nisan da ke tsakanin layukan raƙuman ruwa guda biyu a jere, yayin da mita shine adadin zagayowar raƙuman ruwa da ke wucewa wani wuri da aka ƙayyade a kowace naúrar lokaci.
Ga tsarin hasken lantarki daga mafi tsawo zuwa mafi guntu tsawon rai:
1. Waves na Rediyo
2. Na'urorin Microwave
3. Hasken Infrared
4. Hasken da ake iya gani
5. Hasken Ultraviolet
6. X-ray
7. Gamma Rays
Tashar rediyo
Raƙuman rediyo suna da tsawon tsayin tsayi a cikin ƙarfin lantarki, tun daga santimita kaɗan zuwa dubban mita. Mitocin raƙuman rediyo suna farawa daga kilohertz kaɗan (kHz) zuwa gigahertz (GHz). Ana amfani da waɗannan raƙuman ruwa sosai a cikin sadarwa, gami da rediyon AM da FM, talabijin, da siginar wayar salula. Duk da cewa galibi ana amfani da su don watsa bayanai, ana kuma amfani da raƙuman rediyo a cikin ilmin taurari don nazarin abubuwan sama.
Microwaves
Microwaves suna da tsawon tsayi tsakanin milimita ɗaya zuwa mita ɗaya, tare da mitoci tsakanin 300 MHz zuwa 300 GHz. Ana amfani da waɗannan raƙuman ruwa a aikace-aikacen fasaha daban-daban, ciki har da radar, sadarwa ta tauraron ɗan adam, da tanda na microwave. A yanayin tanda na microwave, microwaves suna aiki ta hanyar girgiza ƙwayoyin ruwa a cikin abinci, suna samar da zafi.
Hasken Infrared
Hasken Infrared yana da tsawon tsayin daka tsakanin kusan nanometer 700 (nm) zuwa milimita 1 (mm). Mitar hasken infrared yana tsakanin kimanin GHz 300 zuwa 400 THz. Wannan hasken ana kiransa da radiation na zafi, domin yawancin abubuwa masu zafi suna fitar da hasken infrared. Aikace-aikacen da ake amfani da su sun haɗa da na'urori masu sarrafawa daga nesa, kyamarorin zafi, da kuma maganin likita.
Haske Mai Gani
Hasken da ake iya gani shine ɓangaren hasken lantarki da idon ɗan adam ke iya gani. Tsawon raƙumansa ya kama daga 380 nm zuwa 750 nm, tare da mitoci tsakanin 400 THz da 790 THz. Hasken da ake iya gani ya ƙunshi launuka daban-daban daga shuɗi (mafi haske) zuwa ja (mafi tsayin tsayin raƙuman). Idanun ɗan adam sun fi saurin kamuwa da haske a wannan fanni, wanda hakan ke ba mu damar ganin duniyar da ke kewaye da mu.
Hasken Ultraviolet
Hasken ultraviolet yana da tsawon tsayin daka tsakanin kusan nm 10 zuwa 400 nm kuma mitar ta kama daga kusan 7.5 x 10^14 Hz zuwa 3 x 10^16 Hz. Duk da cewa hasken ultraviolet (UV) yana da aikace-aikace iri-iri, ciki har da tsaftacewa, buga haske mai haske, da kuma maganin fata, yawan fallasa hasken UV na iya haifar da lalacewar fata da ido.
X-ray
X-rays suna da tsawon tsayi tsakanin 0.01 nm da 10 nm, tare da mitoci daga kimanin 10^16 Hz zuwa 10^19 Hz. Waɗannan haskoki suna da ƙarfi mai yawa da ƙarfin shiga ta musamman, wanda hakan ke sa su zama masu amfani sosai a fannin hotunan likita da tsaron filin jirgin sama. X-rays na iya shiga kyallen jiki, wanda ke ba likitoci damar ganin tsarin ciki ba tare da tiyata ba.
Haskokin Gamma
Haskokin Gamma suna da gajeren zangon tsayi da mafi girman kuzari a cikin bakan lantarki, tare da raƙuman tsayi ƙasa da 0.01 nm da mita fiye da 10^19 Hz. Ana samar da haskokin Gamma ta hanyar hanyoyin nukiliya da halayen haɗakar taurari. A magani, ana amfani da haskokin gamma a cikin maganin ciwon daji don kashe ƙwayoyin cutar kansa.
Ka'idoji da Ka'idoji na Asali
James Clerk Maxwell ne ya fara ƙirƙiro ka'idar lantarki a ƙarni na 19, yana bayyana yadda filayen lantarki da maganadisu ke hulɗa da kuma juyawa don samar da raƙuman lantarki. Maxwell ya ƙirƙiro jerin daidaitattun bambance-bambancen ɓangarori, wanda aka sani da Maxwell's Equations, don bayyana wannan lamari.
Amfani da Wayoyin Wutar Lantarki
Tsarin lantarki yana da amfani iri-iri, wanda ya ƙunshi fannoni daban-daban na rayuwa da fasaha. Ga wasu misalan aikace-aikacensa:
1. Sadarwa: Ana amfani da raƙuman rediyo da microwave sosai a cikin sadarwa ta waya kamar rediyo, talabijin, da siginar wayar hannu.
2. Likitanci: Ana amfani da hasken X-ray da hasken gamma a fannin daukar hoton likita da kuma maganin radiation.
3. Masana'antu: Ana amfani da microwaves a fannin sarrafa abinci da radar.
4. Ilimin Taurari: Ana amfani da raƙuman rediyo, hasken infrared, da hasken X don nazarin sararin samaniya.
5. Lafiya da Tsaro: Ana amfani da hasken ultraviolet wajen tsaftace jiki, yayin da ake amfani da hasken X-ray wajen tsaron filin jirgin sama.
Kammalawa
Tsarin lantarki (electromagnetic spectrum) muhimmin ra'ayi ne a fannin kimiyyar lissafi wanda ke da amfani iri-iri masu mahimmanci da bambance-bambance a rayuwar yau da kullun. Daga raƙuman rediyo waɗanda ke ba da damar sadarwa mai nisa zuwa haskoki masu gamma waɗanda ke taimakawa wajen magance cutar kansa, fahimtar tsarin lantarki yana ba da damar ƙirƙira da fasahohi waɗanda ke canza yadda muke rayuwa. A cikin duniyar da ke ƙara dogaro da fasaha a yau, fahimtar da amfani da ƙa'idodin tsarin lantarki ba wai kawai yana da mahimmanci ga masana kimiyya da injiniyoyi ba har ma yana da mahimmanci ga jama'a.
