Tsarin Kera Kyamarar Periscope akan Wayoyin Salula
Kyamarorin Periscope akan wayoyin komai da ruwanka suna ɗaya daga cikin sabbin abubuwa masu ban sha'awa a cikin ɗaukar hoto ta wayar hannu a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. Godiya ga ƙirar gani wanda ke "naɗe" hanyar haske a gefe, na'urorin kyamarar periscope suna ba wa wayoyin komai da ruwanka damar samun ƙarfin zuƙowa mai kyau ba tare da buƙatar babban girma ba. Duk da haka, a bayan ƙarfin zuƙowa na 5x, 10x, ko ma mafi girma akwai tsarin kera mai rikitarwa da daidaito sosai. Wannan labarin ya tattauna mahimman matakan kera kyamarar periscope akan wayoyin komai da ruwanka, daga ƙira da abubuwan haɗin kai zuwa haɗuwa da gwajin inganci.
1. Asalin Ma'anar Kyamarar Periscope: Na'urorin gani da aka naɗe
Ba kamar kyamarorin wayar salula na yau da kullun ba, waɗanda ke sanya ruwan tabarau kai tsaye a layi ɗaya da hasken da ke shigowa, kyamarorin periscope suna amfani da prism ko madubi don lanƙwasa haske kimanin digiri 90. Haske yana shiga daga waje, madubi/madubi yana nuna shi, sannan ya ratsa ta jerin ruwan tabarau da aka sanya a kwance a cikin jikin wayar. Wannan tsari yana ba da damar samun tsayin haske mai inganci ba tare da ƙara kauri na wayar salula ba.
Daga mahangar masana'antu, manufar "naɗewar tabarau" tana ƙara ƙalubale: dole ne a ƙera kowane abu na gani zuwa ga juriya mai ƙarfi, a ɗora shi da cikakken daidaito, kuma ya jure wa girgiza, yanayin zafi, da canje-canjen matsayi na amfani da shi na yau da kullun.
2. Tsarin Zane da Injiniya (R&D)
Tsarin ƙera kayayyaki yana farawa ne da matakin ƙira. Kamfanoni yawanci:
– Tsarin gani: tsarin adadin abubuwan ruwan tabarau, lanƙwasa, kayan aiki (gilashi/roba na gani), tsarin prism, da kuma maƙasudin ƙara girman zuƙowa. Injiniyoyin gani suna kwaikwayon karkacewar, rashin daidaituwar chromatic, walƙiya, da kuma kaifin tsakiya zuwa gefe.
– Tsarin injiniya: tantance tsarin ganga, firam, wurin hawa prism, hanyar mai kunna OIS (Tsayawan Hoto na gani) ko wasu hanyoyin daidaitawa.
- Tsarin lantarki: haɗakar firikwensin hoto, kebul mai sassauƙa (FPC), mai haɗawa, direban kunnawa, da kuma dacewa da babban allon wayar hannu.
A wannan matakin ana kuma yin sulhu tsakanin aiki da farashi: gilashi yawanci yana samar da ingantaccen aiki amma yana da tsada kuma yana da wahala a sarrafa shi, yayin da filastik na gani yana da sauƙin samarwa amma yana buƙatar ingantaccen iko don guje wa lalacewar kaifi.
3. Kera Ruwan tabarau: Daidaito da Rufi a Sama
Ana iya yin abubuwan gilashin Periscope da gilashin gani ko ruwan tabarau na filastik.
1. Samar da ruwan tabarau
– Ga gilashin tabarau: yawanci ta hanyar yankewa, niƙawa, da gogewa. Ingancin saman yana da mahimmanci saboda ƙananan kurakurai na iya haifar da walƙiya ko raguwar bambanci.
– Ga ruwan tabarau na filastik, ana amfani da tsarin allura mai inganci sosai. Fa'idar ita ce samar da kayan da sauri, amma ana buƙatar cikakken iko kan raguwar kayan aiki da siffar saman.
2. Rufin hana haske (rufin AR)
Kowace saman ruwan tabarau tana nuna wani haske. A cikin na'urorin periscope - waɗanda ke da abubuwa da yawa - tunani da yawa na iya rage watsa haske da ƙara yawan haske. Saboda haka, masana'antun suna amfani da rufin yadudduka da yawa ta amfani da fasahohi kamar ajiyar iska. Kauri na rufin dole ne ya kasance daidai da sikelin nanometer.
3. Duba ido
Ana duba ruwan tabarau ta amfani da kayan aikin aunawa don tabbatar da cewa lanƙwasa, kauri, da ingancin saman sun cika ƙa'idodi. Za a ƙi ruwan tabarau da ba su dace da haƙuri ba.
4. Samar da Madubin Prisms ko Madubai: Muhimman Abubuwan da ke cikin "Periscope"
Ana iya yin prisms na Periscope daga gilashin gani sannan a goge su zuwa saman da yake da santsi sosai. Akwai hanyoyi guda biyu da aka saba amfani da su:
– Prisms masu saman haske na musamman: gefe ɗaya an ba shi wani shafi mai haske (misali aluminum ko azurfa) da kuma wani Layer mai kariya don hana iskar shaka.
– Micromirrors: A wasu ƙira, madubai suna maye gurbin prisms don ingancin sarari ko la'akari da farashi.
Saboda prism abubuwa ne masu lanƙwasa haske, ko da ƙananan karkacewa ko rashin daidaito na iya canza hanyar gani kuma ya haifar da lalacewar hoto ko mayar da hankali mara daidai. Saboda haka, ana yin bincike mai tsauri kan kusurwar prism da ingancin saman.
5. Na'urar Firikwensin Hoto da Kunshin Module
Masana'antun musamman ne ke samar da na'urori masu auna CMOS. Dangane da kera na'urorin periscope, ana sanya na'urori masu auna a kan ƙaramin allo (substrate) kuma a haɗa su ta hanyar FPC. Matakai masu mahimmanci sun haɗa da:
– Sanya firikwensin: dole ne matsayin firikwensin ya kasance daidai dangane da axis na gani don hana karkatarwa wanda ke rage kaifi a gefe ɗaya na hoton.
– Shigar da matattara: kamar matattara masu yanke IR don tabbatar da daidaiton launuka.
– Kariyar ƙura: Na'urar gani tana da matuƙar sauƙi. Ana yin samarwa a cikin ɗaki mai tsabta don hana ƙura shiga da bayyana a matsayin ƙura a cikin hoton.
6. Tsarin Mayar da Hankali da Daidaitawa: Babban Mai Aiki da Ƙaramin Mai Aiki
Ana amfani da kyamarorin Periscope sau da yawa da waɗannan:
– AF (Autofocus): yana amfani da injin murɗa murya (VCM) ko wani tsarin kunna sauti don motsa wasu rukunin ruwan tabarau.
– OIS (Tsayawan Hoto na gani): don magance girgiza hannu, musamman a lokacin zuƙowa mai yawa. OIS yana aiki ta hanyar motsa ƙungiyar ruwan tabarau ko canza madubi/madubi a cikin wasu iyakoki.
Kera na'urar kunnawa ya ƙunshi ƙirƙirar ƙananan sassan lantarki, microsprings ko dakatarwa, da na'urori masu auna matsayi (misali, na'urori masu auna sigina na Hall). Kalubalen shine a daidaita juriyar injina da daidaiton motsi. Juriyar rashin haƙuri na iya haifar da hayaniya, girgiza, ko rashin daidaiton aiki.
7. Haɗa Tsarin Periscope: Daidaitawar gani shine Komai
Matakin haɗawa shine mafi mahimmanci. Matakan gabaɗaya sune:
1. Haɗa madubi/prism a kan firam ɗin
Ta amfani da jigs masu daidaito da manne na musamman, ana tabbatar da kusurwar hawa don tabbatar da cewa hanyar haske daidai take da digiri 90 (ko kusurwar da ƙirar ta ƙayyade).
2. Shirya abubuwan ruwan tabarau
Ana sanya ruwan tabarau a jere a cikin ganga. Tsarin kowanne ruwan tabarau yana da mahimmanci saboda wasu abubuwa suna da takamaiman gefen convex/concave da kuma siffofin aspheric.
3. Daidaita firikwensin ruwan tabarau-prism
Sau da yawa ana yin wannan matakin ne da taimakon tsarin aiki: na'urar tana nuna tsarin gwaji, sannan injin yana yin ƙananan gyare-gyare har sai an daidaita kaifin gani da tsakiya. Da zarar an cimma matsayi mafi kyau, ana kulle bangaren (yawanci ta hanyar goge manne ta amfani da UV).
4. Hatimi da kuma sarrafa ƙura
Bayan an daidaita shi, ana rufe na'urar. Wasu ƙira sun haɗa da gaskets don rage shigar ƙura. Duk da haka, saboda wayoyin komai da ruwanka ba sa toshe iska gaba ɗaya, ƙirar ciki dole ne ta yi la'akari da canje-canje a matsin lamba da zafin jiki.
8. Daidaita Kayan Lantarki da Gyaran Manhaja
Bayan an haɗa module ɗin, masana'anta suna yin daidaitawa:
– Daidaita mayar da hankali: tabbatar da cewa matsayin ruwan tabarau a wani takamaiman nisan mayar da hankali daidai ne.
– Daidaita OIS: yana auna martanin mai kunna wutar lantarki ga motsi kuma yana tabbatar da diyya mai kyau ta girgiza.
– Daidaita karkacewa da inuwa: kowane bangare yana da ɗan bambanci kaɗan. Ana adana wannan bayanan don gyara ta atomatik ta hanyar ISP (Mai sarrafa Siginar Hoto) da algorithms na kyamara.
– Daidaita launi: don daidaiton daidaiton fari da kuma sake fasalin launi tsakanin kayayyaki (misali tsakanin babban kyamara da periscope).
A zamanin daukar hoto na kwamfuta, ingancin kayan aiki ba wai kawai ya shafi kayan aiki ba ne, har ma da yadda bayanai masu kyau ke taimaka wa software ya daidaita iyakokin jiki.
9. Gwajin Inganci da Inganci
Dole ne na'urar kyamarar periscope ta wuce jerin gwaje-gwaje:
– Gwajin kaifi (gwajin MTF): yana auna ƙuduri da bambanci a fannoni daban-daban na hoton.
- Gwajin ƙura da barbashi: yana tabbatar da cewa babu gurɓataccen abu a ciki.
– Gwajin zafin jiki: zagayowar zafi-sanyi don ganin canje-canje a hankali, karkatar da daidaito, ko kuma danshi.
– Gwajin girgiza da faɗuwa (gwajin girgiza): yana tabbatar da cewa prism, ruwan tabarau, da mai kunna ba sa canzawa bayan wani tasiri.
- Gwajin rayuwar mai kunna wutar lantarki: kwaikwayon amfani da AF/OIS akai-akai don tantance lalacewa.
Za a ƙi ko gyara kayan aikin da ba su cika ƙa'idodi ba inda zai yiwu.
10. Haɗawa cikin Wayoyin Salula: Kalubalen Sararin Samaniya da Zafi
Bayan cin jarrabawar, ana shigar da tsarin periscope a cikin wayar salula. Wannan matakin yana buƙatar:
– Daidaitawar Inji: dole ne module ɗin ya dace sosai a cikin firam ɗin ciki, kada a matse shi, kuma kada wasu abubuwan haɗin su dame shi.
– Kariyar zafi: Tsarin da ke kan guntu da batura suna samar da zafi. Dole ne masana'antun su tabbatar da cewa yanayin zafi bai shafi daidaiton gani ko aikin firikwensin ba.
– Gwajin na'urori na ƙarshe: Ana gwada kyamarori tare da software na ƙarshe, gami da sauyawa tsakanin kyamarori, daidaiton launi, da aikin zuƙowa.
Kammalawa
Kera kyamarar periscope ta wayar salula wani hadadden tsari ne na injiniyan gani, makanikan daidaito, na'urorin lantarki masu ƙarancin inganci, da daidaita software. Nasarar kyamarar periscope ba wai kawai ta hanyar "gudun zuƙowa" ba ce, har ma ta hanyar daidaita daidaiton prism da ruwan tabarau, kwanciyar hankali na tsarin OIS, tsaftar tsarin haɗawa, da ingancin daidaitawa don tabbatar da hotuna masu kaifi da daidaito. A bayan ƙaramin na'urar da aka saka cikin wayar salula akwai sarkar samarwa mai fasaha wacce ke buƙatar daidaito har zuwa matakin micrometer - duk don kawo zuƙowa mai nisa zuwa tafin hannunka.
