Cikakken Tarihin Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya
Pendahuluan
Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya, wanda ya ɗauki tsawon lokaci daga 1914 zuwa 1918, yana ɗaya daga cikin rikice-rikice mafi muni a tarihin ɗan adam. Ya ja hankalin duniya kuma ya shafi ƙasashe da yawa, wanda ya haifar da babban tasiri ga yanayin siyasa, zamantakewa, da tattalin arziki na duniya. Wannan rikici ba wai kawai ya canza yadda muke yaƙi ba, har ma yana da ma'anoni masu zurfi waɗanda suka tsara ƙarni na 20. Wannan labarin zai zurfafa cikin cikakken tarihin Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya, tun daga musabbabinsa da kuma yadda yaƙin ya faru har zuwa tasirinsa ga duniya.
Bayani da Dalilan Yaƙin
Ƙawancen Ƙasa da Ƙwallon Ƙasa
A farkon ƙarni na 20, Turai wuri ne mai cike da manyan ƙasashe masu iko da ke fafutukar mamaye ƙasar. Ƙungiyar Haɗin Kan Ƙasashe Uku—Birtaniya, Faransa, da Rasha—sun kafa Manyan Ƙasashe Uku. A halin yanzu, Jamus, Austria-Hungary, da Italiya sun kafa Ƙungiyar Haɗin Kan Ƙasashe Uku. Tashin hankali tsakanin waɗannan ƙungiyoyi biyu ya ci gaba da ƙaruwa, wanda ya haifar da mummunan ra'ayin ƙasa tsakanin ƙasashen Turai.
Rikicin Balkan
Yankin Balkan ya cika da rikicin ƙabilanci da kuma ƙabilanci mai ƙarfi. Daular Ottoman da ta raunana ta ba wa ƙasashen Balkan dama su nemi 'yancin kai da faɗaɗa yankunansu. Rikicin Balkan na farkon shekarun 1910 ya ƙara ta'azzara dangantaka tsakanin manyan ƙasashen Turai, musamman Austria-Hungary, wadda ta ɗauki Serbia a matsayin barazana.
Kisan Archduke Franz Ferdinand
Babban abin da ya haifar da yakin shi ne kisan gillar da aka yi wa Archduke Franz Ferdinand na Austria-Hungary a ranar 28 ga Yuni, 1914, a Sarajevo da Gavrilo Princip, wani ɗan ƙasar Serbia mai kishin ƙasa. Austria-Hungary ta ga wannan a matsayin wata dama ta matsa wa Serbia lamba kuma ta ba da wani mummunan wa'adi. Lokacin da Serbia ta ƙi amincewa da wasu muhimman abubuwa na wa'adin, Austria-Hungary ta ayyana yaƙi a kan Serbia.
Tafarkin Yaƙin
1914: Farkon Yaƙin
Lokacin da Austria-Hungary ta ayyana yaƙi a kan Serbia a ranar 28 ga Yuli, 1914, an fara kafa ƙawancen soja. Rasha, ƙawancen Serbia, ta tattara sojojinta. Jamus, ƙawancen Austria-Hungary, ta goyi bayan ƙawancen ta hanyar ayyana yaƙi a kan Rasha a ranar 1 ga Agusta, 1914, sannan ta kai wa Faransa a ranar 3 ga Agusta, 1914. Birtaniya ta shiga tsakani bayan da Jamus ta karya manufar Belgium ta tsaka tsaki a ranar 4 ga Agusta, 1914.
Yaƙi a Yamma: Yaƙin Tattaki
Yaƙin da aka yi a Yammacin Yamma ya rikide zuwa yaƙin rami, inda ɓangarorin biyu suka haƙa dogayen ramuka daga Tekun Arewa zuwa kan iyakar Switzerland. Bayan Yaƙin Marne na Farko a watan Satumba na 1914, layukan gaba sun daidaita ba tare da wani canji a matsayi ba. Rayuwa a cikin ramuka ta kasance mai ban tsoro, tare da yanayi mai tsauri, beraye, cututtuka, da ƙarancin wadata.
Yaƙi a Gabas
A ɓangaren Gabas, abubuwa sun fi ƙarfi. Rasha ta fuskanci wasu nasarori da farko a kan Austria-Hungary amma ta sha kaye mai yawa a hannun Jamus a Yaƙin Tannenberg da Yaƙin Tafkunan Masurian. Wannan ya nuna fifikon sojojin Jamus a yankin.
1915: Yaƙin Ya Faɗaɗa
A shekarar 1915, yunƙurin karya yarjejeniyar tsagaita wuta a Yammacin Turai ya gaza, duk da amfani da iskar gas mai guba a Yaƙin Ypres na Biyu. Gabashin Gabas ma ya fara canzawa, inda Jamus da Austria-Hungary suka fara mamaye Rasha. A halin yanzu, Italiya ta shiga ƙungiyar ƙawance kwanan nan bayan ta bar ƙungiyar ƙawance ta Triple Alliance, inda ta tsawaita yaƙin.
Yaƙin neman zaɓen Gallipoli
Kawancen sun yi ƙoƙarin mamaye Daular Ottoman ta hanyar sauka a Gallipoli a watan Afrilun 1915. Duk da haka, yaƙin ya kasance babban gazawa inda aka samu asarar rayuka da dama da kuma janyewar da ba ta da amfani a watan Janairun 1916.
1916: Yaƙin Zubar da Jini
Verdun da Somme
Shekarar 1916 ta kasance cikin yaƙe-yaƙe biyu mafi muni a yaƙin: Yaƙin Verdun da Yaƙin Somme. Yaƙin Verdun ya fara ne a watan Fabrairun 1916 kuma ya ɗauki tsawon mafi yawan shekarar, inda Faransawa suka yi nasarar riƙe sansanoninsu amma suka yi asarar rayuka masu yawa ga ɓangarorin biyu. Yaƙin Somme ya fara ne a watan Yulin 1916, yana ƙoƙarin karya lagon da ke tsakanin ƙasashen Yamma amma ya ƙare da asarar rayuka sama da miliyan ɗaya kuma bai sami wani sakamako mai mahimmanci ba.
1917: Canjin Canji Mai Sauƙi
Juyin Juya Halin Rasha
A shekarar 1917, juyin juya halin watan Fabrairu ya hambarar da Tsar Nicholas na biyu na Rasha kuma ya kawo karshen Daular Romanov. Sabuwar gwamnatin wucin gadi ta yi ƙoƙarin ci gaba da yaƙin amma ta fuskanci rashin kwanciyar hankali na cikin gida. Daga nan juyin juya halin Oktoba ya haifar da Bolsheviks, ƙarƙashin jagorancin Vladimir Lenin, waɗanda suka sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar Brest-Litovsk a watan Maris na 1918, wanda ya kawo ƙarshen shigar Rasha cikin yaƙin.
Amurka da ke da hannu
Hare-haren jiragen ruwa marasa nuna bambanci da Jamus da Zimmerman telex suka kai, wanda ya gabatar da kawance tsakanin Jamus da Mexico kan Amurka, ya tilasta wa Amurka ayyana yaki a kan Jamus a ranar 6 ga Afrilu, 1917. Zuwan sojojin Amurka da albarkatunta ya ba da babban ci gaba ga kawancen.
1918: Zuwa Ƙarshe
A Yammacin Gabar Tekun, Jamus ta ƙaddamar da Operation Kaiserschlacht a farkon 1918 don ƙoƙarin yin nasara kafin manyan sojojin Amurka su isa. Duk da wasu nasarorin farko, harin bazara ya tsaya cak. Wani harin yaƙi na ƙawance, wanda aka sani da harin Kwanaki ɗari, ya fara lalata ƙarfin Jamus.
Tasiri da Sakamako
Zuwa watan Nuwamba na shekarar 1918, Jamus na fuskantar rugujewa a gida da kuma a fagen daga. Sarki Wilhelm na Biyu ya yi murabus, aka kafa Jamhuriyar Weimar. An sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar tsagaita wuta a ranar 11 ga Nuwamba, 1918, wadda ta kawo karshen yakin duniya na daya.
Yarjejeniyar Versailles
Yaƙin ya ƙare a hukumance da Yarjejeniyar Versailles a ranar 28 ga Yuni, 1919. An tilasta wa Jamus ta karɓi cikakken alhakin yaƙin ta kuma biya diyya mai yawa. Wannan yarjejeniya ta sake fasalin taswirar Turai kuma ta haifar da batutuwa da yawa da ba a warware su ba, wanda a ƙarshe ya ba da gudummawa ga barkewar Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu.
Tasirin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki
Wannan yaƙin ya haifar da asarar rayuka da dama, ya kuma haifar da lalacewar jiki da ta hankali ba kakkautawa. A fannin tattalin arziki, yaƙin ya haifar da asara mai yawa da sauye-sauye masu yawa a tsarin tattalin arzikin duniya. Ya kuma yaɗa amfani da sabbin fasahohin soja, kuma ya canza yadda ake yaƙi har abada.
Kammalawa
Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya rikici ne mai sarkakiya da matakai da dama. Daga dalilansa da suka samo asali daga hamayyar siyasa zuwa tasirinsa mai barna da ke canza tarihi, za mu iya koyo da yawa game da yanayin babban rikici. Duk da cewa Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya ya daɗe, tasirinsa har yanzu ana jin sa a yau kuma yana ba da darussa masu mahimmanci ga tsararraki masu zuwa.
