Juyin Juya Halin Rasha da Asalin Tarayyar Soviet

Juyin Juya Halin Rasha da Asalin Tarayyar Soviet

Juyin Juya Halin Rasha na 1917 yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da suka faru a tarihin zamani, ba wai kawai sun canza yanayin Rasha ba har ma sun kafa harsashin kafa Tarayyar Soviet. Juyin Juya Halin ya ƙunshi manyan matakai guda biyu: Juyin Juya Halin Fabrairu da Juyin Juya Halin Oktoba. Dukansu sun kawo manyan canje-canje a cikin al'ummar Rasha kuma sun kawo ƙarshen fiye da ƙarni uku na mulkin daular Romanov. Wannan labarin zai bincika asali, muhimman abubuwan da suka faru, da tasirin da ya kai ga kafa Tarayyar Soviet.

Tarihin Juyin Juya Halin Rasha

A farkon karni na 20, Rasha kasa ce mai fadi amma ta yi kasa a baya a fannoni da dama. Duk da dimbin albarkatun kasa da take da su, Rasha ta yi kasa a baya a Turai a fannin masana'antu da fasaha. Yawancin al'ummarta manoma ne da ke rayuwa cikin talauci, kuma rashin gamsuwa da mulkin kama-karya na Tsar Nicholas na Biyu yana karuwa.

Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya babban abin da ya haifar da juyin juya halin Rasha. Shiga Rasha a yaƙin ya haifar da durƙushewar tattalin arziki, ƙarancin abinci, da kuma asarar rayuka da dama. Rashin gamsuwa da gwamnatin Tsar Nicholas na Biyu ya ƙaru saboda rashin iya magance waɗannan batutuwa. A lokaci guda, tunanin juyin juya hali da ra'ayoyin Marx sun fara samun karɓuwa tsakanin masana da ma'aikata.

Juyin Juya Halin Fabrairu na 1917

Juyin juya halin Fabrairu na 1917 ya fara ne da zanga-zangar jama'a a Petrograd (yanzu St. Petersburg) a ƙarshen Fabrairu (kalandar Julian), wanda ya samo asali daga ƙarancin abinci da rashin gamsuwa da gwamnatin Tsarist. Waɗannan zanga-zangar ba da daɗewa ba suka rikide zuwa tawaye, kuma sojojin da aka aika don danne zanga-zangar sun yi wa masu zanga-zangar juyin juya hali.

A ranar 2 ga Maris, 1917 (15 ga Maris a kalandar Gregorian), an tilasta wa Tsar Nicholas II yin murabus. Wannan soke mulkin ya kawo ƙarshen daular Romanov, kuma aka kafa Gwamnatin Wucin Gadi, wadda ta ƙunshi membobin Duma (majalisar dokokin Rasha) da ƙungiyoyin dimokuraɗiyya masu sassaucin ra'ayi da zamantakewa da dama. Duk da haka, Gwamnatin Wucin Gadi ta fuskanci ƙalubale daban-daban, ciki har da ci gaba da yaƙi, rikicin cikin gida, da matsin lamba daga ƙungiyoyin juyin juya hali masu tsattsauran ra'ayi.

Juyin Juya Halin Oktoba na 1917

Yayin da Gwamnatin Wucin Gadi ke fafutukar sake samun iko, Bolsheviks, karkashin jagorancin Vladimir Lenin, sun ci gaba da samun goyon baya. Lenin, wanda ya dawo daga gudun hijira a watan Afrilun 1917, ya kawo karshen Gwamnatin Wucin Gadi da taken zaman lafiya, ƙasa, da abinci. Bolsheviks sun sami nasarar samun goyon baya daga manyan sassan ma'aikata da sojoji waɗanda suka gaji da Gwamnatin Wucin Gadi.

Juyin Juya Halin Oktoba ya fara da sauri ba tare da wata turjiya ba. A daren 25-26 ga Oktoba (kalandar Julian), sojojin Bolshevik sun kwace muhimman wurare a Petrograd, ciki har da Fadar Lokacin Sanyi, hedikwatar Gwamnatin Wucin Gadi. Wannan gwamnatin ta ruguje, kuma Bolsheviks suka kwace mulki. Nan da nan Vladimir Lenin ya sanar da kafa Jamhuriyar Soviet ta Rasha.

Kafuwar Tarayyar Soviet

Bayan kwace mulki, nauyin Bolsheviks bai takaita ga ƙarfafa ikon siyasa ba, har ma da magance matsalolin ƙasar. Dokokin zaman lafiya da filaye na Lenin, waɗanda aka bayar nan da nan bayan juyin juya halin Oktoba, sun yi ƙoƙarin magance wasu daga cikin muhimman batutuwa: zaman lafiya ga sojojin da suka gaji da yaƙi da kuma raba filaye ga manoma.

Duk da haka, nasarar Bolshevik ba ta samu karbuwa a duk duniya ba. Wannan ya haifar da Yaƙin Basasa na Rasha tsakanin Rundunar Sojan Ja (Bolsheviks) da Rundunar Sojan Fari (masu adawa da Bolsheviks), wanda ya ƙare daga 1917 zuwa 1923. Wannan yaƙin basasa ya kasance mai matuƙar muni, wanda ya haifar da mutuwar miliyoyin mutane sakamakon yaƙi da yunwa. A ƙarshe, duk da haka, Rundunar Sojan Ja ta kayar da abokan hamayyarta kuma ta ƙarfafa ikon Bolshevik akan yawancin tsohuwar Daular Rasha.

A watan Disamba na shekarar 1922, aka kafa Tarayyar Jamhuriyyar Gurguzu ta Soviet (USSR) a hukumance. Ta ƙunshi jamhuriyoyin da suka kafa jamhuriyoyin guda huɗu: Jamhuriyar Gurguzu ta Tarayyar Soviet ta Rasha (RSFSR), Jamhuriyar Gurguzu ta Tarayyar Soviet ta Ukraine, Jamhuriyar Gurguzu ta Tarayyar Soviet ta Byelorussian, da Tarayyar Transcaucasian (daga baya aka raba ta zuwa Georgia, Armenia, da Azerbaijan). Kafuwar Tarayyar Soviet ta nuna ƙarfafa ikon Bolshevik da kuma jajircewarsu ga ƙa'idodin Marxist, inda Lenin ya zama shugabanta na farko.

Gwamnatin Soviet ta Farko da Manufofinta

Bayan kafa Tarayyar Soviet, sabuwar gwamnatin ta fuskanci babban aiki na sake gina ƙasar da yaƙin duniya da yaƙin basasa suka lalata. Ɗaya daga cikin matakan farko da aka ɗauka a lokacin Yaƙin Basasa shine manufar "Kwaminisancin Yaƙi," wadda aka aiwatar don sarrafa tattalin arziki da kuma tabbatar da samar da kayan masarufi ga Rundunar Sojan Ja da kuma al'ummar birane. Duk da haka, wannan manufar ta haifar da rashin gamsuwa sosai saboda ta haifar da kwace amfanin gona mai yawa daga manoma kuma ta haifar da yunwa mai tsanani.

Domin magance wannan rikicin, Lenin ya gabatar da Sabuwar Manufofin Tattalin Arziki (NEP) a shekarar 1921, wanda ya sassauta wasu iko na jihohi kuma ya ba da damar wasu cinikayya kyauta da ƙananan kasuwanci. NEP ta yi nasarar dawo da tattalin arzikin Soviet zuwa matakan kafin yaƙi cikin 'yan shekaru, amma kuma ta haifar da muhawara tsakanin shugabannin Bolshevik game da makomar tattalin arzikin gurguzu.

Lokacin da Lenin ya mutu a shekarar 1924, gwagwarmayar maye gurbin jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta ƙara ta'azzara. Daga ƙarshe, Joseph Stalin ya gaji Lenin a matsayin shugaban jam'iyya da gwamnati. A ƙarƙashin mulkin Stalin, Tarayyar Soviet ta fuskanci babban sauyi ta hanyar hanzarta haɓaka masana'antu da tattara amfanin gona, duk da cewa hakan ya jawo asarar rayuka da 'yanci ga ɗan adam.

Tasirin Juyin Juya Halin Rasha da Kafa Tarayyar Soviet

Kafuwar Tarayyar Soviet ta kawo manyan sauye-sauye ba kawai a Rasha ba har ma a fagen duniya. Tarayyar Soviet ta fito a matsayin babbar kasa mai karfin iko da za ta iya kalubalantar mamayar duniyar jari-hujja, musamman Amurka. Ra'ayoyin Marxism-Leninism sun bazu sosai kuma sun yi tasiri ga ƙungiyoyin juyin juya hali a duk duniya.

Juyin Juya Halin Rasha ya kuma haifar da muhawara da tunani a ƙasashe da yawa game da mafi kyawun tsarin siyasa da tattalin arziki don jin daɗin jama'arsu. A wurare da yawa, haɓakar Tarayyar Soviet ta ƙarfafa ƙungiyoyin ma'aikata da na gurguzu don neman ƙarin canji a cikin al'ummominsu.

A halin yanzu, a cikin gida, Tarayyar Soviet a ƙarƙashin Stalin ta ci gaba da bin ƙa'idodi masu tsauri da danniya don cimma burinta. Duk da suka da bala'o'i, kamar Tsarkakewar Babban Tsarkakewa da yunwar da tilasta tattara jama'a ya haifar, Tarayyar Soviet ta tsira kuma ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a tarihin ƙarni na 20, gami da kayar da Jamus ta Nazi a Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu.

Kammalawa

Juyin Juya Halin Rasha da kuma kafa Tarayyar Soviet sun kasance muhimman lokatai a tarihi da suka yi tasiri ga fannoni da dama na siyasa, tattalin arziki, da kuma al'umma na duniyar zamani. Tun daga rugujewar masarautar Romanov zuwa tasowar gwamnatin Marx ta farko a duniya, waɗannan abubuwan ba wai kawai sun canza makomar Rasha ba, har ma sun nuna sabon zamani a tarihin duniya. Duk da ƙalubale da takaddama, gadon Juyin Juya Halin Rasha da kuma kafa Tarayyar Soviet ya kasance mai mahimmanci a yau, yana ba da muhimman darussa game da iko, akida, da gwagwarmayar ɗan adam don canji.