Zamanin Gyaran Daular Qing da Zamanin Gyaran Daular a China
Pendahuluan
A tsawon tarihin kasar Sin, Daular Qing ta kasance daya daga cikin lokutan da suka fi muhimmanci da ban mamaki. Wannan daular ba wai kawai ta nuna nasarori da dama ba, har ma ta fuskanci jerin kalubale da canje-canje da suka nuna juriyar kasar Sin a matsayin wata al'umma mai sassauci da ci gaba.
Daular Qing ita ce daular ƙarshe da ta mulki ƙasar Sin, wadda ta kasance daga shekarar 1644 zuwa 1912. Daular Manchus daga arewa maso gabashin China ta fara, ta faɗaɗa kuma ta ci gaba da riƙe daular tsawon kusan shekaru 300. Tarihin Daular Qing ya ƙunshi haɗakar al'adu, kirkire-kirkire, rikici, da kuma gyara.
Asalin Daular Qing
Mutanen Manchu ne suka fara Daular Qing, waɗanda suka samo asali daga Manchuria (wanda yanzu wani ɓangare ne na Arewa maso Gabashin China). Sun yi nasarar cin nasarar Daular Ming mai rauni. A shekara ta 1644, sojojin Manchu a ƙarƙashin Sarkin Shunzhi suka shiga Beijing suka fara Daular Qing.
Wannan tsari na cin nasara bai kasance cikin sauƙi ba, tare da juriya daga ragowar Daular Ming da kuma tawaye daga kabilu daban-daban. Duk da haka, ta hanyar haɗa dabarun soja, siyasa mai zurfi, da kuma daidaita al'adu, Daular Qing ta yi nasarar haɗa kan China a ƙarƙashin gwamnati ɗaya.
Haɗaka da Ci Gaban Farko
Sarkin Kangxi da Sarkin Qianlong su ne manyan sarakunan Qing guda biyu da suka fi shahara a tarihin kasar Sin. A karkashin mulkinsu, kasar Sin ta bunkasa zuwa kasa mai wadata da karfi. Tattalin arzikin kasar ya bunƙasa, tare da karuwar samar da amfanin gona da cinikayya, gami da kara tsananta huldar kasuwanci da kasashen Turai.
Sarkin Kangxi (1654–1722), wanda ya yi mulki na tsawon shekaru 61, ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan sarakuna a tarihin ƙasar Sin. Ya yi nasarar kiyaye kwanciyar hankali da faɗaɗa daular. Ya kuma goyi bayan ci gaban kimiyya da al'adu ta hanyar kiyaye dangantaka mai kyau da malamai da kuma gayyatar masu wa'azin Jesuit na Turai zuwa fadarsa.
Sarki Qianlong (1711–1799), jikan Kangxi, ya ci gaba da ɗaukakar Daular Qing. A zamanin mulkin Qianlong, China ta kai kololuwar wadata, inda ƙarfinta ya kai ga Tibet, Xinjiang, da Mongolia. Kamar kakansa, Qianlong ya kasance mai kula da fasaha da al'adu, yana ƙarfafa gadon al'adun gargajiya na China.
Kalubale da Koma-baya
Duk da ƙarfin da Daular Qing ta samu a farkon karni na 19, ta fara fuskantar matsaloli masu tsanani a ƙarni na 19. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan dalilan wannan koma-baya shi ne cin hanci da rashawa da ya yi katutu a cikin tsarin mulki, wanda ya raunana ingancin gwamnati. Bugu da ƙari, saurin karuwar jama'a ya zarce ƙarfin ƙasar noma wajen samar da isasshen abinci, wanda ya haifar da matsin lamba mai yawa ga zamantakewa.
Babbar matsalar ita ce ƙaruwar matsin lamba daga ƙasashen waje. Yaƙin Opium (1839–1842 da 1856–1860) da aka yi wa Birtaniya da sauran ƙasashen Yamma ya tilasta wa China buɗe tashoshin jiragen ruwanta ga cinikayyar ƙasashen waje da kuma miƙa yankuna kamar Hong Kong. Shan kashi a cikin waɗannan yaƙe-yaƙe ya fallasa raunin sojojin Qing kuma ya ƙara rura wutar rashin gamsuwar jama'a.
Wannan rashin gamsuwa ya haifar da tawaye da dama, wanda ya fi shahara a cikinsu shine Tawayen Taiping (1850–1864), wanda ya kusan kifar da Daular Qing. Wannan tawayen, wanda Hong Xiuquan ya jagoranta, wanda ya yi iƙirarin cewa shi ɗan'uwan Yesu ne, ya haifar da yaƙin basasa mafi muni a tarihi, inda miliyoyin rayuka suka mutu.
Figures uku na gyarawa: Kang Youwei, Liang Qichao, da Sun Yat-sen
Sai kuma, a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 da farkon ƙarni na 20, aka fara kira mai ƙarfi na yin garambawul don ceto ƙasar Sin daga rugujewa gaba ɗaya. Godiya ga yanayin cikin gida da matsin lamba daga waje, masu ra'ayin kawo sauyi kamar Kang Youwei, Liang Qichao, da Sun Yat-sen sun fara taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin sauyin da ake samu.
Kang Youwei da almajirinsa Liang Qichao su ne manyan masu shirya juyin juya halin Kwanaki Dari a shekarar 1898, wani yunkuri na masu kawo sauyi wanda ke neman sabunta tsarin ilimi, soja, da tattalin arziki na kasar Sin. Abin takaici, masu ra'ayin mazan jiya a cikin kotun sun dakatar da wadannan kokarin, karkashin jagorancin Sarauniya Dowager Cixi, wadanda ke tsoron rasa ikonsu. Ko da yake an yi gyare-gyaren ne a cikin gajeren lokaci, wadannan gyare-gyare sun nuna farkon manyan canje-canje a cikin al'ummar kasar Sin.
Sun Yat-sen, wanda aka fi sani da Uban Al'ummar China, ya ci gaba da kafa wani motsi don kifar da Daular Qing da kuma kafa Jamhuriyar China. Bisa wahayin ra'ayoyin kishin kasa, dimokuradiyya, da walwalar jama'a, Sun da mabiyansa sun yi nasarar kifar da Daular Qing a shekarar 1911 a juyin juya halin Xinhai. A shekara mai zuwa, Sun Yat-sen ya zama Shugaban Rikon Kwarya na sabuwar Jamhuriyar China da aka kafa.
Tasiri da Gado na Daular Qing
Rushewar Daular Qing ta kawo ƙarshen mulkin mallaka na tsawon shekaru dubu biyu a China, wanda hakan ya share fagen sabuwar zamanin mulkin jamhuriya. Gyaran da aka yi da canje-canjen da aka yi a zamanin Daular Qing ta ƙarshen zamani sun yi tasiri mai ɗorewa, wanda ya ƙarfafa yunkurin zamani a China wanda ya ci gaba a tsawon ƙarni na 20 da 21.
Haɗin kan ƙasa da Daular Qing ta ƙarfafa, tare da ƙalubalen da ake fuskanta wajen fuskantar ƙasashen waje, ya haifar da ƙaƙƙarfan ra'ayin ƙabilanci wanda har yanzu yake bayyana a siyasar zamani ta China. Duk da gagarumin sauyi, dabi'u da al'adun zamanin Qing sun kasance masu tushe a cikin asalin ƙasar Sin.
Kammalawa
Daular Qing lokaci ne mai sarkakiya wanda ya ƙunshi wadata, rikicin cikin gida, matsin lamba daga ƙasashen waje, da manyan gyare-gyare. Tun daga farkonta mai ƙarfi zuwa raguwar da ta yi, Daular Qing tana ba da darussa da yawa game da juriya, daidaitawa, da kuma ikon canzawa yayin fuskantar ƙalubale. Gado na wannan zamanin yana ci gaba da yin tasiri a cikin haɓakar da China ta yi da kuma sauye-sauyenta zuwa ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe mafi ƙarfi da tasiri a duniya a yau.
