Asali da Tarihin Kalandar Julian
Kalanda tana ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙirƙira a tarihin wayewar ɗan adam. Ba tare da tsarin kalanda mai tsari ba, al'ummomi za su yi wahala wajen tsara lokutan shuka, ayyukan addini, kasuwanci, da gudanar da gwamnati. Daga cikin tsarin kalanda daban-daban da aka taɓa amfani da su, kalandar Julian tana da matsayi na musamman, tana aiki a matsayin tushen kalandar Yamma sama da shekaru dubu kuma har yanzu ana amfani da ita a wasu al'adu. Wannan labarin ya bincika asali da tarihin kalandar Julian, asalinta, yadda take aiki, da kuma yadda daga ƙarshe aka maye gurbinta da kalandar Gregorian.
Bayani: Rikicin Kalandar Romawa
Kafin a gabatar da kalandar Julian, Romawa sun yi amfani da tsarin kalanda wanda aka yi ta gyara akai-akai, sau da yawa saboda dalilai na siyasa. Kalandar Romawa asali ta kasance ta wata, don haka tsawon shekara ba koyaushe yake daidai da zagayowar yanayi ba. Idan ba a daidaita lissafin wata akai-akai ba, lokacin shuka zai iya yin kasa sosai a bayan kwanakin kalanda. Don gyara wannan sauyi, Romawa sun ƙara watanni tsakanin juna, amma wannan aikin bai dace ba kuma galibi ana sarrafa shi.
A lokacin Jamhuriyar Romawa, ana iya amfani da ƙarin wata tsakanin watanni don tsawaita wa'adin wasu jami'ai ko kuma jinkirta zaɓe. Sakamakon haka, kalanda ta zama abin dogaro. A ƙarni na 1 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa, wannan rudanin ya kai wani muhimmin matsayi: kwanakin hukuma ba su sake yin daidai da ainihin lokutan ba. A cikin wannan yanayi, gyaran kalanda ya zama dole ga gudanarwar jiha da tsarin zamantakewa.
Julius Kaisar da Babban Gyaran
Gyaran ya fito ne daga Gaius Julius Caesar. Bayan ya shiga yaƙin neman zaɓe na soja da siyasa daban-daban, Caesar ya sami iko mai yawa a Roma. A shekara ta 46 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa, a matsayinsa na pontifex maximus (babban shugaban harkokin addini na Romawa) kuma mai mulkin gaske, yana da ikon gyara tsarin kalanda.
Kaisar bai yi aiki shi kaɗai ba. Wani masanin ilmin taurari daga Alexandria, Masar, mai suna Sosigenes ya taimaka masa. Alexandria cibiyar ilimi ce a lokacin, kuma al'adar ilmin taurari ta Masar tana da dogon tarihi na amfani da kalandar rana. Ba kamar kalandar wata ba, wadda ta dogara da matakan wata, kalandar rana tana daidaita lissafin shekara da motsin rana da ke bayyana, wanda ke ƙayyade yanayi.
Sauye-sauyen da Caesar ya yi sun mayar da Roma zuwa kalandar rana, wanda hakan ya hana yanayi da ranakun canzawa akai-akai. Wannan ya nuna haihuwar kalandar Julian.
Shekarar Ruɗani: "Shekarar Ruɗani" (46 BC)
Kafin sabon kalanda ya fara aiki gaba ɗaya, dole ne Kaisar ya "sake daidaita" kalanda, wadda ta faɗi sosai daga hanya. An san shekarar 46 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa a cikin majiyoyin tarihi da annus confusionis, ko "shekarar rudani," saboda tsawonta na musamman. Don dawo da daidaito da yanayi, Kaisar ya ƙara wasu ƙarin kwanaki - wasu ƙididdiga sun ce shekarar ta kasance kusan kwanaki 445. Wannan tsawaitawa mai tsanani ya zama dole domin shekara mai zuwa ta fara da sabuwar kalanda mai ƙarfi.
Tun daga shekara ta 45 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa (AS), an fara aiwatar da kalandar Julian a hukumance.
Yadda Kalanda ta Julian ke Aiki
Kalandar Julian ta kafa dokoki masu sauƙi:
1. Tsawon shekara shine kwanaki 365.
2. A kowace shekara 4, ana ƙara kwana 1 (shekarar tsalle), wanda hakan ke sa ya zama kwana 366.
A wata ma'anar, matsakaicin tsawon shekara a kalandar Julian shine kwanaki 365,25.
Bugu da ƙari, kalandar Julian ta sake tsara tsawon watanni kamar yadda muka san su: wasu watanni suna da kwanaki 30, wasu kuma 31, kuma Fabrairu ya zama mafi guntu. Shahararriyar al'ada ta ba da labarin Augustus da Julius "suna faɗa" tsawon watanni (misali, an ba da watan Agusta kwanaki 31), amma waɗannan cikakkun bayanai galibi cakuda tatsuniya ne da sauƙaƙa tarihi. A bayyane yake, tsarin kalandar Romawa daga baya an daidaita shi, wanda hakan ya sa ya fi sauƙi a yi amfani da shi ta hanyar gudanarwa.
Matsala ta Ɓoye: Bambanci da Shekarar Yanayi Mai Zurfi
Duk da cewa kalandar Julian ta fi kalandar Romawa ta baya kyau, har yanzu tana da raunin kimiyya. Shekarar da ke cikin yanayi mai zafi (tsawon lokacin da duniya za ta koma matsayinta dangane da yanayi, kusan daga equinox zuwa equinox) a zahiri tana da kimanin kwanaki 365,2422, ba kwanaki 365,25 ba.
Bambancin ya yi kama da ƙarami: kimanin kwanaki 0,0078 a kowace shekara, ko kuma kimanin mintuna 11 da daƙiƙa 14. Amma a tsawon lokaci, waɗannan bambance-bambancen suna ƙaruwa. Sakamakon haka, kalandar Julian tana komawa baya kusan kwana ɗaya a kowace shekara 128 dangane da yanayi. A tsawon ƙarni, ranar daidai gwargwado ta bazara - wacce take da mahimmanci don ƙididdige bukukuwan addini - tana canzawa gaba da gaba.
Matsayin Kalanda Julian a Duniyar Kirista
Kalandar Julian ta yi tasiri sosai yayin da Daular Roma ta canza kuma Kiristanci ya faɗaɗa. Kalandar coci, musamman game da ƙaddarar Ista, ta dogara ne akan matsayin daidaiton lokaci da kuma matakan wata. Misali, Majalisar Nicaea a shekara ta 325 AD, ta kafa jagororin ƙididdige Ista ta hanyar komawa ga daidaiton lokaci na bazara.
A zamanin Tsakiyar Zamani, ana amfani da kalandar Julian sosai a Turai, don gudanar da gwamnati, kasuwanci, da kuma ibadar coci. Ko bayan rugujewar Daular Romawa ta Yamma, kalandar Julian ta ci gaba da kasancewa tsarin da aka saba amfani da shi a yankuna da yawa saboda tsarin gudanarwa na coci da al'adun rubuta takardu sun dogara da shi.
Gyaran Gregorian: Gyaran Kalanda Julian
A ƙarni na 16, bambancin kalandar Julian daga yanayi ya isa ya haifar da matsaloli masu tsanani, musamman ga Cocin Katolika. A shekarun 1500, daidai lokacin vernal equinox, wanda ya kamata ya kasance a kusa da Maris 21 (bisa ga Majalisar Nicaea), ya koma kusan Maris 11 a kalandar Julian. Wannan ya shafi lissafin Ista da kalandar ibada.
Don haka, a shekarar 1582, Paparoma Gregory na 13 ya gabatar da kalandar Gregorian. Akwai manyan canje-canje guda biyu:
1. Cire kwanaki 10 don "cika" yanayi (misali, bayan 4 ga Oktoba, 1582, nan take ya zama 15 ga Oktoba, 1582 a ƙasashen da suka karɓe shi nan take).
2. An canza ƙa'idodin shekarar tsalle: shekarun ƙarni (misali, 1700, 1800, 1900) ba shekarun tsalle ba ne sai dai idan an raba su da 400 (misali, 1600 da 2000 shekarun tsalle ne). Wannan ya sa matsakaicin tsawon shekara ya zama kwanaki 365,2425, wanda ya fi kusa da shekarar zafi.
Wannan gyare-gyaren ya rage sauye-sauyen yanayi sosai, wanda ya sa kalandar Gregorian ta fi daidaito a tsawon lokaci.
Rarrabawa mara tsari
Karɓar kalandar Gregorian bai faru a lokaci guda a duk duniya ba. Ƙasashen Katolika kamar Italiya, Spain, da Portugal sun amince da ita da wuri, yayin da ƙasashen Furotesta da Orthodox da yawa suka jinkirta saboda dalilai na siyasa da addini. Birtaniya da yankunanta sun amince da kalandar Gregorian ne kawai a shekarar 1752. Rasha ta sauya ne kawai bayan juyin juya halin 1917, wanda ya haifar da wani abu mai ban sha'awa: "Juyin Juya Halin Oktoba" bisa ga kalandar Julian ya faru ne a watan Nuwamba na kalandar Gregorian.
Sakamakon wannan bambancin lokutan ɗaukar yara, ranaku biyu galibi suna bayyana a cikin takardun tarihi: Tsohon Salo (OS) na Julian da Sabon Salo (NS) na Gregorian.
Kalandar Julian a Zamanin Zamani
Duk da cewa kalandar Gregorian yanzu ita ce ma'aunin ƙasashen duniya, kalandar Julian ba ta ɓace gaba ɗaya ba. Wasu majami'un Orthodox na Gabas har yanzu suna amfani da kalandar Julian don wasu bukukuwa, ciki har da Kirsimeti. Saboda bambancin da ke tsakanin kalandar Julian da Gregorian yana ci gaba da ƙaruwa (a halin yanzu kwanaki 13 a ƙarni na 21), Kirsimeti, 25 ga Disamba bisa ga kalandar Julian, yana faɗuwa a ranar 7 ga Janairu bisa ga kalandar Gregorian.
Bugu da ƙari, kalmar "kalandar Julian" ta bayyana a cikin mahallin kimiyya kamar "lambar ranar Julian" (tsarin ƙidayar rana a jere da ilmin taurari ke amfani da shi), kodayake wannan ra'ayi ba kalandar Julian ba ce a ma'anar farar hula, amma tsarin lambobi ne don sauƙaƙe lissafin ilmin taurari.
Kammalawa
Kalanda ta Julian ta samo asali ne daga wata muhimmiyar buƙata: don kawo tsari ga tsarin lokacin Roma mai cike da rudani da daidaita kalanda da yanayi. Godiya ga gyare-gyaren Julius Caesar da taimakon ilmin taurari na Alexandria, kalandar Julian ta zama ɗaya daga cikin gado mafi ɗorewa a tarihin ɗan adam. Duk da haka, daidaiton kimiyya mara kyau ya sa ta canza daga yanayi a hankali, daga ƙarshe aka maye gurbinta da kalandar Gregorian.
Duk da haka, kalandar Julian ta kasance mai muhimmanci a matsayin wani muhimmin ci gaba a tarihin ilimi da gwamnati. Yana nuna yadda wayewa suka yi ƙoƙarin shawo kan sarkakiyar yanayi - motsin rana, yanayi, da kuma yanayin rayuwa - ta hanyar ƙa'idodi da aka amince da su. Daga tsohuwar Roma zuwa al'adun addini na zamani, har yanzu ana jin alamun kalandar Julian, wanda ke tabbatar da cewa tsarin kalanda ba wai kawai batun ƙidaya kwanaki ba ne, a'a, nuni ne ga buƙatun zamantakewa, siyasa, da kimiyya na wani zamani.
