Juyin Juya Halin Faransa da Tasirinsa
Juyin Juya Halin Faransa (1789–1799) yana ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da suka fi bayyana a tarihin zamani. Wannan juyin juya halin ba wai kawai ya girgiza tsarin siyasa da zamantakewa a Faransa ba, har ma ya yaɗa sabbin ra'ayoyi game da 'yanci, daidaito, da ikon jama'a a duk faɗin duniya. Juyin juya halin ya nuna ƙarshen mulkin mallaka na cikakken iko da kuma haifar da ra'ayin ƙasa ta zamani, wanda ya fi mai da hankali kan haƙƙin 'yan ƙasa. Duk da haka, duk da ra'ayinsa na manufa, Juyin Juya Halin Faransa ya kuma bar tashin hankali, rikicin cikin gida, da canje-canje waɗanda ba koyaushe suke da sauƙi ba.
Tarihin Juyin Juya Halin Faransa
Kafin juyin juya halin, Faransa tana ƙarƙashin tsarin zamantakewa da aka sani da Ancien Régime. An raba al'umma zuwa azuzuwa uku (kadarori): Gidauniyar Farko ita ce limamai (coci), Gidauniyar Biyu ita ce manyan mutane, Gidauniyar Uku kuma ta ƙunshi mafi yawan mutane—masu noma, ma'aikata a birane, har ma da 'yan kasuwa (masu ilimi a matsakaicin matsayi da 'yan kasuwa). Rashin daidaito ya bayyana: manyan azuzuwa biyu sun sami gata daban-daban, gami da rage haraji, yayin da Gidauniyar Uku ta ɗauki nauyin tattalin arziki.
Matsalar tattalin arziki wani muhimmin abu ne da ya jawo hakan. Faransa ta fuskanci gibin kasafin kuɗi saboda kuɗaɗen yaƙi, ciki har da shigarta cikin Yaƙin Shekaru Bakwai da kuma goyon bayan Juyin Juya Halin Amurka. Bugu da ƙari, salon rayuwa mai kyau na kotu a ƙarƙashin Sarki Louis XVI da Sarauniya Marie Antoinette ya ƙara ɓata sunan masarautar a idanun mutane. Rashin amfanin gona da hauhawar farashin burodi - babban abinci - ya haifar da fushin jama'a a ko'ina.
Baya ga abubuwan tattalin arziki da zamantakewa, abubuwan da suka shafi tunani suma sun taka muhimmiyar rawa. Tunanin wayewa daga mutane kamar Voltaire, Montesquieu, da Rousseau sun soki cikakken iko kuma sun jaddada hankali, doka, da haƙƙin ɗan adam. Ra'ayoyin kwangilar zamantakewa da ikon jama'a sun zaburar da mutane da yawa, musamman 'yan kasuwa, don neman canje-canje ga tsarin siyasa.
Tafarkin Juyin Juya Halin: Daga Fata Zuwa Rikici
Juyin juya halin ya fara ƙarfi lokacin da Sarki Louis XVI ya kira Babban Hafsoshin Soja a watan Mayu na 1789 don magance matsalar kuɗi. Duk da haka, wannan zaman ya zama fagen gwagwarmayar siyasa. Hafsoshin Soja na Uku sun buƙaci tsarin zaɓe mai adalci kuma suka ayyana kansu a matsayin Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa. Wani muhimmin lamari ya faru a ranar 14 ga Yuli, 1789, lokacin da mutane suka mamaye Bastille, alama ce ta mulkin kama-karya na masarauta. Hawan Bastille ya zama alamar juyin juya halin kuma ya nuna cewa ikon sarki ba zai sake taɓawa ba.
A farkon matakin, an aiwatar da gyare-gyare da yawa. Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa ta kawar da mulkin kama-karya, ta soke haƙƙin manyan mutane, kuma a watan Agusta na 1789 ta fitar da Sanarwar Haƙƙoƙin Ɗan Adam da na Ɗan Ƙasa. Wannan takardar ta tabbatar da cewa an haifi dukkan mutane 'yanci kuma daidai gwargwado a cikin haƙƙoƙi, kuma gwamnati ya kamata ta dogara da nufin mutane.
Duk da haka, juyin juya halin ya shiga wani yanayi mai tsauri. Rikice-rikice na cikin gida sun taso tsakanin masu matsakaicin ra'ayi da masu tsattsauran ra'ayi. Lokacin da aka zargi masarautar da cin amanar kasa da kuma yunkurin tserewa (Afson Varennes, 1791), amincewar jama'a ta ruguje. A shekara ta 1792, an kifar da masarautar kuma aka ayyana Faransa a matsayin jamhuriya. An kashe Louis XVI ta hanyar amfani da guillotine a watan Janairun 1793, sannan Marie Antoinette ta biyo baya jim kaɗan bayan haka.
Kisan sarkin ya haifar da mummunan martani daga masarautun Turai, suna tsoron yaduwar juyin juya hali. Faransa ta shiga yaƙi da haɗin gwiwar ƙasashen Turai. A tsakiyar yaƙin da kuma rashin tabbas na siyasa, lokaci mafi duhu ya bayyana: Mulkin Ta'addanci (1793–1794), wanda Kwamitin Tsaron Jama'a da mutane kamar Maximilien Robespierre suka jagoranta. An kashe dubbai bisa zargin juyin juya hali. Manufofin juyin juya hali sun koma tashin hankali da danniya, wanda ke nuna raunin sauyin siyasa.
Bayan faduwar Robespierre a shekarar 1794, lamarin ya daidaita a hankali, amma har yanzu Faransa ba ta da wani tsari na gwamnati mai ƙarfi. Lokacin Directory (1795–1799) ya kasance cike da cin hanci da rashawa da rashin kwanciyar hankali. Daga ƙarshe, wani matashin janar mai suna Napoleon Bonaparte ya kwace mulki a wani juyin mulki a shekarar 1799, inda ya rufe babin juyin juya halin kuma ya kawo sabon zamani.
Tasirin Juyin Juya Halin Faransa a Cikin Gida
Babban tasirin juyin juya halin Faransa shine babban sauyi a tsarin siyasa. Sarauta mai cikakken iko ta ruguje, kuma ra'ayin cewa iko yana samuwa daga mutane ya karu sosai. Duk da cewa Faransa ta koma ga mulkin mallaka a lokutan da suka biyo baya, tushen mulkin zamani - kundin tsarin mulki, majalisar dokoki, da kuma manufar ɗan ƙasa - sun riga sun kasance a wurin.
A fannin zamantakewa, juyin juya halin ya kawar da mulkin kama-karya kuma ya rage rinjayen masu mulki. Daidaito a gaban doka ya zama babban ƙa'ida, aƙalla a hukumance. Damammaki ga 'yan boko sun ƙaru yayin da aka fi bayar da mukamai na gwamnati da na soja bisa ga iyawa, maimakon gado.
A fannin tattalin arziki, juyin juya halin ya haifar da sauye-sauye a mallakar filaye. An kwace filayen coci kuma an sayar da su, wanda hakan ya haifar da sabon rarraba mallakar kadarori - kodayake galibi yana fifita matsakaicin matsayi fiye da talakawa. Bugu da ƙari, sauye-sauye ga tsarin haraji da gudanar da gwamnati muhimmin matakai ne na zuwa ga tsarin mulki na zamani.
Juyin juya halin ya kuma canza dangantakar da ke tsakanin gwamnati da coci. Cocin Katolika ya rasa gata da dama, kuma gwamnati ta nemi ta mallaki cibiyoyin addini. Wannan manufar ta haifar da sabbin rikice-rikice, musamman a yankunan karkara inda imani na addini ya kasance mai ƙarfi.
Tasirin Juyin Juya Halin Faransa a Duniya
Ɗaya daga cikin manyan tasirin juyin juya halin Faransa shine yaɗuwar ra'ayoyin siyasa na zamani a duk faɗin duniya: kishin ƙasa, sassaucin ra'ayi, jamhuriya, da haƙƙin ɗan adam. Ka'idar "'yanci, daidaito, da haɗin kai" ('yanci, égalité, fraternité) ta zama taken da ya wuce iyakokin ƙasa.
A Turai, juyin juya halin ya haifar da fargabar mulkin mallaka na cikakken mulki, amma kuma ya haifar da ƙungiyoyin gyara da sauran juyin juya hali. Ƙabilanci ya ƙaru, musamman yayin da sojojin Napoleon suka yaɗa tasirin Faransa a duk faɗin yankin. Ƙasashe da yawa sun fara yin tambaya game da sahihancin mulkin mallaka na cikakken mulki, kuma buƙatun kundin tsarin mulki sun ƙara ƙarfi a ƙarni na 19.
A Latin Amurka, ra'ayoyin 'yanci da ikon mallakar jama'a sun taimaka wajen ƙarfafa gwagwarmayar neman 'yanci daga mulkin mallaka. Shugabanni kamar Simón Bolívar da José de San Martín sun rayu a cikin yanayi na duniya wanda manyan juyin juya hali suka yi tasiri a kai, ciki har da juyin juya halin Faransa. Duk da cewa yanayi ya bambanta daga yanki zuwa yanki, juyin juya halin Faransa ya nuna ikon ikon da aka kafa na kawar da ƙungiyoyin jama'a.
Wani tasiri kuma shi ne gyaran doka. A lokacin mulkin Napoleon, an ƙirƙiri Dokar Napoleon, wadda ta tabbatar da daidaito a gaban doka da kuma kare haƙƙin mallaka. Wannan dokar ta yi tasiri ga tsarin shari'a a ƙasashe da dama a faɗin Turai da kuma duniya baki ɗaya, ciki har da yankunan da a da ke ƙarƙashin ikon Faransa.
Duk da haka, yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa juyin juya halin Faransa ya kuma nuna mummunan gefen canjin zamantakewa da siyasa. Tashin hankali na siyasa, farfaganda, da rarrabuwar kawuna sun ba da muhimman darussa cewa juyin juya hali na iya haifar da sabon zalunci idan suka rasa iko na hukumomi da ɗabi'a. Gwamnatoci da yawa da suka biyo baya - duka na dimokuradiyya da na kama-karya - sun koya daga nasarorin da gazawar juyin juya halin.
Kammalawa
Juyin Juya Halin Faransa ya kasance babban sauyi a tarihin ɗan adam. Ya lalata tsarin mulkin kama-karya da kuma cikakken mulkin mallaka, ya gabatar da ra'ayin zama ɗan ƙasa da haƙƙin ɗan adam, sannan ya kunna wutar sauyi a duk faɗin duniya. Bugu da ƙari, juyin juya halin ya kuma nuna yadda rikici, tsattsauran ra'ayi, da tashin hankali za su iya tasowa lokacin da al'umma ke fuskantar manyan sauyi. Duk da sarkakiyar da ke tattare da shi, juyin juya halin Faransa ya kasance mai dacewa a yi nazari domin yana nuna gwagwarmayar da ke tsakanin iko, adalci, da sha'awar mutane na neman 'yancin kai.
