Na'urorin Kariya don Tsarin Wutar Lantarki ta Rana
Ana ƙara amfani da tsarin wutar lantarki ta hasken rana (PLTS) a gidaje, gine-ginen kasuwanci, masana'antu, da wuraren jama'a. Baya ga kasancewa tushen makamashi mai tsafta da yalwa, PLTS na iya rage kuɗin wutar lantarki da ƙara tsaron makamashi. Duk da haka, kamar sauran tsarin lantarki, PLTS na fuskantar haɗari daban-daban: ƙaruwar wutar lantarki, yawan kwararar iska, gajerun da'ira, walƙiya a kaikaice, kurakuran shigarwa, da lalacewar sassan da ke haifar da zafi da muhalli. Saboda haka, na'urorin kariya suna da mahimmanci ga aiki mai aminci, karko, da ɗorewa na tsarin.
Wannan labarin ya tattauna manyan na'urorin kariya a tsarin samar da wutar lantarki ta hasken rana, ayyukansu, da kuma ka'idojin sanyawa da aka saba amfani da su.
Me Yasa Tsarin Wutar Lantarki na Rana Ke Bukatar Kariya?
Tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta hasken rana (PLTS) ta ƙunshi sassa da dama: na'urorin hasken rana (PV), kebul na DC da masu haɗawa, akwatin haɗawa, inverter, batura (idan tsarin haɗin gwiwa/ba ya aiki), da kuma kwamitin rarraba AC da aka haɗa da kaya ko grid na PLN. Kowane sashi yana da halaye da haɗari daban-daban. Gefen DC na iya samun ƙarfin lantarki mai yawa da manyan kwararar lantarki waɗanda ke ci gaba da gudana lokacin da akwai haske, don haka katsewar wutar lantarki da sarrafa kurakurai sun bambanta da na gefen AC. A halin yanzu, ɓangaren AC yana fuskantar haɗarin shigar da wutar lantarki kamar yawan kwararar lantarki, gazawar rufin, da ɓullar wutar lantarki.
Idan ba tare da kariya mai kyau ba, ƙaramin rikici na iya haifar da lalacewa ga inverter, toshe hanyoyin sadarwa, wuta, ko ma barazana ga amincin ma'aikata da mazauna ginin. Kariya mai kyau kuma tana sauƙaƙa kulawa: ana iya ware tsarin ta kowane sashe, ana iya gano matsalar a wuri ɗaya, kuma ana iya maye gurbin sassan lafiya.
1) Fiyutocin DC da AC
Fiyusu su ne na'urorin kariya mafi sauƙi kuma mafi amfani. Aikinsu shine katse wutar lantarki idan akwai overcurrent ko short da'ira. A cikin tashoshin wutar lantarki na hasken rana (PLTS), galibi ana sanya fiyusu na DC akan kowace igiyar panel (jerin kayayyaki) kafin shiga akwatin haɗawa ko inverter. Wannan yana da mahimmanci saboda idan igiya ɗaya ta sami matsala, wutar da ke juyawa daga sauran igiyoyin na iya kwarara zuwa igiyar da ta lalace kuma ta dumama kebul ko mahaɗi.
Ana sanya fis ɗin AC a gefen fitarwa na inverter don kare da'irar AC daga yawan wutar lantarki. Zaɓin fis ɗin ya kamata ya yi la'akari da ƙimar halin yanzu, ƙarfin karyewa, da kuma dacewa da DC ko AC. Ba za a iya maye gurbin fis ɗin DC da fis ɗin AC kawai ba saboda kashe DC arc yana da wahala.
2) MCB da MCCB (Mai Katse Da'ira)
MCBs (Ƙananan Masu Kare Tsarin Zane) da MCCBs (Mai Kare Tsarin Zane) suna aiki azaman kariya daga overcurrent da short-circuit, kuma ana iya amfani da su azaman masu katse wutar lantarki da hannu. A gefen AC, ana amfani da MCBs akai-akai don da'irar kaya da layukan rarrabawa. A gefen DC, akwai DC MCBs na musamman waɗanda aka tsara don ƙarfin DC da halayen baka.
Amfanin masu karya da'ira akan fiyu shine cewa ana iya sake saita su bayan sun yi tuntuɓe (muddin an warware matsalar). Duk da haka, shigarwar PV ta hasken rana sau da yawa tana haɗa fiyu da masu karya da'ira dangane da buƙatun ƙira, ƙimar yanzu, da kuma tsarin igiya.
3) SPD (Na'urar Kare Hawan Jini) ko Mai Kama Wutar Lantarki
SPDs suna kare kayan aiki daga hauhawar wutar lantarki na ɗan lokaci wanda walƙiya ta kai tsaye, babban canjin kaya, ko rikicewar grid ke haifarwa. Ƙarar wutar lantarki na iya lalata inverters, MPPTs, tsarin sa ido, da na'urorin sadarwa. A cikin tashoshin wutar lantarki na hasken rana (PLTS), galibi ana shigar da SPDs akan:
– Gefen DC: kusa da akwatin haɗawa ko shigarwar inverter (SPD DC).
– Gefen AC: akan kwamitin rarraba fitarwa na inverter (SPD AC).
– Hanyar sadarwa: ethernet/RS485 idan akwai kayan aikin sa ido masu rauni.
Zaɓin SPD yana la'akari da ajin (Nau'i na 1/Nau'i na 2), ƙarfin lantarki na tsarin, da ƙarfin wutar lantarki. Ga wuraren da ke da haɗarin walƙiya mai yawa ko gine-gine masu tsarin kariyar walƙiya, haɗin kai tsakanin SPD da tsarin ƙasa yana da mahimmanci.
4) RCD/ELCB/RCCB (Kariyar Zubar da Jini a Yanzu)
RCD (Residual Current Device) ko ELCB/RCCB suna gano ɗigon ruwa a ƙasa, wanda zai iya haifar da girgizar lantarki ko gobara. A cikin tsarin AC, ana amfani da RCDs don kare mutane daga hulɗa kai tsaye. A cikin cibiyoyin samar da wutar lantarki ta hasken rana, aikace-aikacen su yana buƙatar la'akari da nau'in inverter (marar transformer ko mara transformer) da kuma yiwuwar abubuwan da ke haifar da ɗigon ruwa na DC waɗanda zasu iya shafar aikin RCD.
A wasu tsarin, ana amfani da wani nau'in RCD na musamman (misali, nau'in A ko nau'in B) bisa ga shawarwarin masana'antar inverter da ƙa'idodin shigarwa. Wannan yana tabbatar da cewa RCD ba ya faɗuwa ba da gangan ba amma yana da tasiri idan akwai haɗarin malalar wutar lantarki mai haɗari.
5) Mai Rarraba DC (Maɓallin Cire Haɗin DC)
Mai raba wutar lantarki ta DC wani maɓalli ne da ke ba wa ma'aikata damar cire haɗin da ke tsakanin bangarorin hasken rana da inverter lafiya. Wannan yana da mahimmanci yayin gyaran inverter, maye gurbin sassan, ko dubawa. Domin ɓangaren PV zai ci gaba da samar da wutar lantarki lokacin da aka fallasa shi ga haske, katsewar da aka yi wa alama mai aminci yana hana haɗarin girgizar lantarki da kuma DC arcing.
Dole ne masu raba wutar lantarki na DC su sami ƙimar ƙarfin lantarki da ƙarfin lantarki da ya dace kuma a tsara su musamman don DC ta kashe baka. Yawanci suna kusa da inverter, kuma a wasu ƙira, suna kuma cikin akwatin haɗawa.
6) Kariyar Baturi: BMS, Fiyuz, da Masu Katse Wutar Lantarki
A cikin tsarin da ke amfani da batir (ba tare da wutar lantarki ba ko kuma na gauraye), kariyar batir yana da matuƙar muhimmanci saboda batir yana adana makamashi mai yawa kuma yana iya fitar da wutar lantarki mai yawa a lokacin da'irori masu gajarta. Na'urorin kariya na yau da kullun sun haɗa da:
– BMS (Tsarin Gudanar da Baturi): yana sa ido kan ƙarfin kowace tantanin halitta, zafin jiki, wutar caji/fitarwa, kuma yana cire haɗin idan sigogin sun wuce iyakokin aminci.
– Injin warware wutar lantarki na fis ko DC a kan layin batirin: yana kare kebul da kayan aiki daga gajerun hanyoyin wutar lantarki.
– Mai hulɗa ko mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa: yana ba da damar katsewa ta atomatik a cikin yanayi mara kyau.
Wannan kariyar tana taimakawa wajen hana zafi fiye da kima, lalacewar ƙwayoyin halitta, da kuma haɗarin guduwar zafi a wasu nau'ikan batura.
7) Gina Ƙasa (Gina Ƙasa/Ƙasa) da Haɗawa
Gina ƙasa ba wai kawai game da "haɗa kebul a cikin ƙasa ba ne," amma tsarin da aka tsara don isar da kwararar wuta da matsala lafiya, rage ƙarfin lantarki, da kuma ƙara ingancin SPDs da kariyar kwararar wuta. A cikin tashoshin samar da wutar lantarki ta hasken rana, gina ƙasa ya haɗa da:
- Tsarin shimfidar tsari da tsarin hawa
- Tsarin ƙasa na inverter da panel na lantarki
- Haɗawa tsakanin sassan ƙarfe don hana bambance-bambancen da za a iya samu
Tsarin ginin ƙasa yana tasiri ne ta hanyar nau'in tsarin (taye-taye na grid, hybrid), nau'in inverter, da kuma ƙa'idodin gida. Rashin isasshen tushe na iya sa SPD ta yi tasiri kuma ta ƙara haɗarin lalacewa yayin ƙaruwar ruwa.
8) Kariyar Zafi da Gudanar da Kebul
Bayan na'urorin lantarki, abubuwan da ke cikin injina da na zafi suma suna taka muhimmiyar rawa. Kebul ɗin DC da aka fallasa ga rana, masu haɗin da ba su da kyau, ko kuma hanyar kebul mara kyau na iya haifar da wurare masu zafi, lalacewar rufin, da gobara. Saboda haka, wasu muhimman matakan kariya sun haɗa da:
- Zaɓin kebul na PV tare da UV da rufin zafi mai ƙarfi
- Amfani da bututun ruwa ko masu kare kebul a wuraren da ke da rauni
– Shirya kebul ɗin don kada su manne, kada su manne a gefuna masu kaifi, kuma su sami sauƙin rage matsin lamba.
– Duba cewa mahaɗin MC4 (ko makamancin haka) ya dace kuma an shigar da shi bisa ga ƙarfin juyi.
Ko da yake yana iya zama kamar abu mai sauƙi, wannan aikin sau da yawa shine mabuɗin aminci na dogon lokaci.
Ka'idojin Sanya Kariya Mai Kyau
Gabaɗaya, ana sanya kariya kusa da tushen matsalar ko tushen makamashi: fis ɗin igiya kusa da mai haɗawa, SPDs kusa da inverter/panel, masu karya batirin kusa da baturi, da masu raba wutar lantarki a wuraren da ake iya samun sauƙin shiga a cikin gaggawa. Bugu da ƙari, daidaitawa tsakanin na'urori yana da mahimmanci: dole ne a daidaita ƙimar MCB, fis ɗin, da kebul ta yadda na'urar da ta fi kusa da matsalar ta lalace, maimakon rufe dukkan tsarin.
Takardu kuma wani ɓangare ne na kariya: lakabi, zane-zanen layi ɗaya, da hanyoyin rufewa na gaggawa suna taimaka wa masu fasaha da masu amfani su yi aiki cikin sauri da aminci.
Penutup
Kayan kariya ga tsarin samar da wutar lantarki ta hasken rana jari ne da ke tantance aminci, aminci, da tsawon rayuwar kayan aikin. Fuses, MCBs/MCCBs, SPDs, RCDs, masu raba wutar lantarki ta DC, kariyar batir ta hanyar BMS, da kuma ingantaccen tushe su ne muhimman abubuwan da ya kamata a tsara tun daga farkon ƙira. Tare da ingantaccen kariya da shigarwa na yau da kullun, tsarin samar da wutar lantarki ta hasken rana ba wai kawai zai samar da makamashi mai tsabta ba, har ma zai yi aiki lafiya kuma ba tare da wani cikas ba na dogon lokaci.
Idan kuna so, zan iya daidaita wannan labarin zuwa sigar fasaha mafi kyau (tare da misalan tsare-tsaren kariya da shawarwarin kimantawa gabaɗaya) ko sigar mafi sauƙi ga mai karatu na yau da kullun.
