Manyan Abubuwan da ke Cikin Janareta da Yadda Yake Aiki a Cibiyar Wutar Lantarki ta Ruwa
Cibiyar samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa (PLTA) tana amfani da ƙarfin da kuzarin motsi na ruwa don samar da wutar lantarki. Ɗaya daga cikin mahimman abubuwan da ke cikin wannan tsarin shine janareta, injin da ke canza makamashin injiniya daga juyawar injin turbine zuwa makamashin lantarki ta hanyar ƙa'idar tura wutar lantarki. Don tabbatar da ingantaccen canjin makamashi, janareta ta ruwa ta ƙunshi manyan abubuwa da yawa waɗanda ke aiki cikin haɗin kai. Wannan labarin ya tattauna waɗannan abubuwan kuma ya bayyana yadda janareta ke aiki a cikin mahallin tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa.
Takaitaccen Bayani Kan Tsarin Wutar Lantarki na Ruwa
Kafin a fara nazarin ɓangaren janareta, yana da mahimmanci a fahimci yadda makamashi ke gudana a cikin tashar wutar lantarki ta ruwa. Ruwa daga wurin ajiya ko madatsar ruwa yana gudana ta cikin bututun ruwa zuwa injin turbine. Matsi da saurin kwararar ruwa suna sa injin turbine ya juya. Juyawar injin turbine ɗin ana watsa ta zuwa wani shaft da aka haɗa kai tsaye da janareta. Sannan janareta yana samar da wutar lantarki, wanda daga nan ake ƙara ƙarfin lantarki ta hanyar na'urar transformer sannan a rarraba shi zuwa hanyar sadarwa ta watsawa.
Babban abin da wannan labarin ya mayar da hankali a kai shi ne matakin canza makamashi daga injina zuwa wutar lantarki, wato a cikin janareta.
Ka'idojin Asali na Janareta: Induction na Wutar Lantarki
Janaretoci suna aiki bisa ga Dokar Faraday, wadda ta bayyana cewa canjin kwararar maganadisu a cikin na'urar lantarki yana samar da ƙarfin lantarki (EMF). A cikin janareta, wannan canjin kwararar maganadisu yana faruwa ne ta hanyar motsi tsakanin filin maganadisu da na'urorin jagora. Yayin da rotor ke juyawa, filin maganadisu yana juyawa dangane da na'urorin stator, yana samar da wutar lantarki a kan na'urorin. Wannan wutar lantarki yana samar da wutar lantarki lokacin da aka haɗa shi da tsarin kaya ko hanyar sadarwa.
A cikin tashoshin samar da wutar lantarki na ruwa, janareta da aka fi amfani da ita galibi janareta ce mai matakai uku saboda ta dace da babban iko mai karko da kuma inganci mai girma.
Manyan Kayayyakin Janareta a Tashoshin Wutar Lantarki na Ruwa
1. Stator (Sashen da ke tsayawa)
Stator ɗin shine ɓangaren janareta wanda ba ya juyawa. Nan ne ake samar da babban ƙarfin lantarki da aka haifar. Stator ɗin ya ƙunshi:
– Tsarin stator: tsarin injiniya wanda ke tallafawa abubuwan ciki.
– Stator core: wanda aka yi da silicon steel laminations don rage asarar eddy current. Laminations ɗin siriri ne da aka tara don karya hanyar eddy current.
– Naɗewar Stator: na'urar wayar conductor (yawanci tagulla) da aka sanya a cikin ramukan tsakiyar stator. Wannan na'urar yawanci ana ƙera ta ne don samar da fitarwa mai matakai uku.
Stator ɗin yana aiki a matsayin "wuri" don fitar da makamashin lantarki, saboda ƙarfin wutar lantarki da aka haifar yana bayyana a cikin na'urar sa.
2. Na'urar Juyawa (Sashen Juyawa)
Na'urar juyawar juyi ita ce ɓangaren janareta da ke juyawa tare da shaft ɗin turbine. A cikin janareta mai amfani da wutar lantarki ta hanyar amfani da wutar lantarki, na'urar juyawar juyi tana samar da babban filin maganadisu. Akwai nau'ikan na'urori guda biyu da aka saba amfani da su:
– Na'urar juyawa mai ƙarfi: an saba da ita a tashoshin wutar lantarki na hydroelectric saboda injinan juyawa na hydro yawanci suna juyawa a ƙananan gudu. Wannan nau'in na'urar juyawa tana da sandunan maganadisu waɗanda ke fitowa, sun dace da sanduna da yawa, suna ba da damar mitar da ake so a ƙananan gudu.
– Na'urar juyawa mai siffar silinda (ba ta da ruwa): ta fi yawa a cikin janareto masu saurin zafi, amma kuma ana iya amfani da ita a wasu yanayi.
Ana kuma sanya na'urar juyawa ta rotor da na'urar juyawa ta filin da ke samar da wutar lantarki ta DC don samar da filin maganadisu.
3. Tsarin Hankali
Domin na'urar juyawa ta samar da filin maganadisu, janareta tana buƙatar tsarin motsawa wanda ke samar da wutar lantarki ta DC ga na'urorin juyawa ta rotor. Tsarin motsawa yana da mahimmanci saboda yana ƙayyade:
– girman ƙarfin fitarwa na janareta,
– ikon janareta na samar da ko kuma shan wutar lantarki mai amsawa (VAR),
- kwanciyar hankali na aiki lokacin da nauyin ya canza.
Nau'ikan abubuwan da suka fi jan hankali:
– Brushless exciter: mafi aminci, ƙarancin kulawa, ana amfani da shi sosai a cikin tashoshin wutar lantarki na zamani na hydroelectric.
– Mai jan hankali da goga (goga/zoben zamewa): mafi sauƙi amma yana buƙatar kulawa saboda abubuwan da ke hulɗa suna shafawa.
Bugu da ƙari, yawanci ana sarrafa motsin rai ta hanyar AVR (Atomatik Voltage Regulator) don kiyaye ƙarfin lantarki ya daidaita.
4. Shaft da Kama
Shaft shine haɗin injina tsakanin injin turbine da na'urar juyawar janareta. A manyan tashoshin samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa, shaft dole ne ya kasance yana da:
- ƙarfi mai ƙarfi akan torsion,
- juriya ga girgiza,
- daidaito mai kyau don guje wa lalacewa mai yawa.
Haɗin (idan an yi amfani da shi) yana taimakawa wajen haɗa injin turbine da janareta, kuma yana rage tasirin girgiza ko ƙananan kurakurai.
5. Bearings
Babban saurin juyawa na rotor yana buƙatar tsarin bearing don kiyaye daidaiton shaft da rage gogayya. Akwai manyan nau'ikan bearings guda biyu:
– Bearing na jagora: yana riƙe matsayin shaft a mike kuma baya juyawa zuwa gefe.
– Ƙarfin turawa: yana tsayayya da ƙarfin axial (turawa) da ke tasowa saboda ƙarfin ruwa akan injin turbine da nauyin na'urar rotor.
Ana haɗa man shafawa mai ɗauke da mai da tsarin sanyaya jiki gabaɗaya don hana zafi sosai.
6. Tsarin Sanyaya Janareta
Janaretocin samar da wutar lantarki na ruwa suna aiki a babban ƙarfin lantarki, suna samar da zafi daga asarar wutar lantarki da ta injina. Domin kiyaye rufin coil da kuma kiyaye ingantaccen aiki, ana buƙatar sanyaya, misali:
- sanyaya iska tare da fanka na ciki,
- sanyaya ruwa a cikin na'urar musayar zafi,
- akan wasu na'urori, ana iya amfani da tsarin sanyaya mai rikitarwa gwargwadon ƙarfinsa.
Kyakkyawan sanyaya yana ƙara tsawon rayuwar rufin stator da rotor.
7. Tsarin Keɓewa da Kariya
Dole ne na'urorin stator da rotor su kasance suna da tsarin kariya mai ƙarfi wanda zai iya jure wa manyan ƙarfin lantarki, yanayin zafi, da danshi. Bugu da ƙari, janareta yana da matakan kariya don hana lalacewa, kamar:
- kariyar gajeriyar da'ira da kuma kariya daga wuce gona da iri,
- kariyar zafin jiki mai lanƙwasa,
- kariyar girgiza,
- kariyar lalacewar ƙasa,
- asarar kariyar motsawa.
Waɗannan tsarin gabaɗaya suna da alaƙa da allunan sarrafawa da tsarin SCADA.
8. Tashoshin Fitarwa da Na'urar Canzawa (Sashen da ke da Alaƙa)
Fitar da wutar lantarki yawanci tana kan matsakaicin ƙarfin lantarki (misali, 6-20 kV, ya danganta da ƙirar). Sannan ana tura wutar lantarki zuwa ga na'urar canza wutar lantarki mai tasowa don ƙara ta zuwa ƙarfin lantarki mai watsawa (misali, 70 kV, 150 kV, 275 kV, ko sama da haka), don rage asarar watsawa.
Duk da cewa na'urar canza wutar lantarki ba wani bangare ne na janareta ba, amma muhimmin bangare ne na tsarin rarraba wutar lantarki ta ruwa.
Yadda Janareta Ke Aiki A Tashar Wutar Lantarki Ta Ruwa: Jerin Tsarin Aiki
1. Ruwan da aka matsa yana juya injin turbin
Ana mayar da makamashin ruwa zuwa makamashin inji ta hanyar juyawar shaft na turbine.
2. Shaft ɗin injin turbine yana juya na'urar juyawar janareta.
Na'urar rotor, wacce ke da filin maganadisu, tana juyawa a wani takamaiman gudu. Ana sarrafa wannan saurin don dacewa da mitar tsarin (50 Hz a Indonesia).
3. Filin maganadisu na rotor yana "yanke" coils na stator
Yayin da na'urar juyawa ke juyawa, kwararar maganadisu tana canzawa dangane da matsayin na'urorin stator. Nan ne ƙarfin lantarki da aka haifar ya bayyana a cikin na'urorin stator.
4. Ƙarfin wutar lantarki mai matakai uku yana bayyana a tashoshin stator.
Saboda an tsara na'urar stator a matsayin matakai uku tare da canjin wutar lantarki na digiri 120, fitowar janareta tsarin AC ne mai matakai uku mai karko don manyan kaya.
5. AVR yana daidaita motsin rai don kiyaye ƙarfin lantarki
Yayin da nauyin ke canzawa, AVR yana canza wutar lantarki ta rotor don kiyaye ƙarfin fitarwa a cikin daidaitaccen tsarin.
6. Ana rarraba wutar lantarki zuwa na'urar canza wutar lantarki da kuma hanyar sadarwa.
Fitar da janareta ta shiga cikin na'urar transfoma mai tasowa, sannan a aika ta hanyar hanyar sadarwa ta watsawa da rarrabawa zuwa ga masu amfani.
Penutup
Janareta mai amfani da wutar lantarki ta ruwa babbar na'ura ce da ke canza makamashin injiniya daga injin turbine zuwa makamashin lantarki ta hanyar shigar da wutar lantarki ta hanyar lantarki. Manyan abubuwan da ke cikinsa sun haɗa da stator, rotor, tsarin motsawa, shaft, bearings, sanyaya, rufi, da na'urorin kariya. Duk waɗannan abubuwan suna aiki tare don samar da wutar lantarki mai matakai uku mai karko, inganci, kuma mai aminci don watsawa zuwa ga grid. Ta hanyar fahimtar abubuwan da ke cikin injin janareta mai amfani da wutar lantarki, za mu iya ganin cewa nasarar aikin tashar wutar lantarki ta ruwa ba ta dogara ne kawai akan samuwar ruwa ba har ma da amincin tsarin lantarki mai rikitarwa a cikin injin janareta.
