Nau'ikan Roba Masu Rushewa Da Kuma Yadda Ake Yin Su
Pendahuluan
Roba na gargajiya ya zama muhimmin abu a rayuwar yau da kullun, wanda ake amfani da shi a aikace-aikace daban-daban, tun daga marufi na abinci har zuwa kayayyakin masu amfani. Duk da haka, mummunan tasirinsa ga muhalli ya haifar da neman madadin da ya fi dacewa da muhalli, ɗaya daga cikinsu shine roba mai lalacewa. Roba mai lalacewa wani nau'in roba ne wanda ƙananan halittu za su iya raba shi zuwa mahaɗan da ba su da lahani ga muhalli. Wannan labarin zai yi bayani game da nau'ikan roba mai lalacewa da ake da su da kuma yadda ake yin su.
Nau'ikan Roba Mai Rushewa
1. Polylactic Acid (PLA)
PLA filastik ne mai lalacewa wanda aka yi da albarkatun da ake sabuntawa, kamar masara ko rake. Ana amfani da PLA sau da yawa a cikin kwalabe, marufi na abinci, har ma da filament don bugawa ta hanyar 3D. PLA na iya ruɓewa a cikin yanayin masana'antu na takin zamani cikin watanni 1-6.
2. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA)
PHA wani nau'in polyester ne na halitta wanda ƙwayoyin cuta ke samarwa ta hanyar fermentation na sukari ko lipids. PHA yana da nau'ikan aikace-aikace iri-iri, gami da ƙera jakunkunan filastik, marufi, har ma da wasu aikace-aikacen likita. PHA yana da sauƙin lalacewa gaba ɗaya kuma yana iya ruɓewa a yanayin ruwa da ƙasa.
3. Roba Mai Amfani Da Sitaci
Robalan da aka yi da sitaci gauraye ne na sitaci na halitta (yawanci daga masara, dankali, ko alkama) tare da robobi na roba ko wasu robobi masu lalacewa. Ana iya amfani da robobin da aka yi da sitaci don yin jakunkunan siyayya, naɗe abinci, da kuma aikace-aikacen noma daban-daban.
4. Polyglycolic Acid (PGA)
PGA wani nau'in filastik ne da ake iya lalata shi ta hanyar halitta wanda galibi ana amfani da shi a aikace-aikacen likita kamar sutures na tiyata da za a iya lalata shi ta hanyar halitta. PGA yana da kyawawan halaye na lalata shi ta hanyar halitta kuma yana iya ruɓewa gaba ɗaya cikin watanni idan aka sanya shi a cikin yanayi mai danshi.
5. Polybutylene Succinate (PBS)
PBS polyester ne mai lalacewa wanda ke da kaddarorin injiniya da zafi iri ɗaya da na roba na gargajiya (kamar polyethylene). Ana amfani da PBS sau da yawa a cikin marufi, kayan tebur da za a iya zubarwa, da aikace-aikacen noma. PBS na iya ruɓewa a cikin ƙasa da ruwa.
6. Roba Mai Tushen Cellulose
Ana yin robobi masu tushen cellulose ne daga cellulose, babban abin da ke cikin bangon ƙwayoyin shuka. Ana amfani da waɗannan robobi sau da yawa wajen ƙera fina-finan filastik, shafa su, da kuma aikace-aikacen marufi daban-daban. Cellulose na iya ruɓewa ta halitta cikin watanni zuwa shekaru, ya danganta da yanayin muhalli.
Yadda Ake Yin Roba Mai Rushewa
Tsarin yin filastik mai lalacewa ya bambanta dangane da nau'in filastik da ake samarwa. Ga wasu hanyoyi gama gari da ake amfani da su wajen ƙera filastik mai lalacewa:
Polylactic Acid (PLA)
1. Cire Sukari
Wannan tsari yana farawa ne da cire sukari daga tsirrai kamar masara ko rake. Sannan ƙwayoyin cuta ke yin amfani da wannan sukari don samar da lactic acid.
2. Yin amfani da polymerization
Sakamakon lactic acid yana wucewa ta hanyar polymerization don samar da polylactide, wanda shine nau'in polymer na PLA.
3. Tsarin Kayayyakin Ƙarshe
Ana zuba ruwa mai ɗauke da PLA a cikin molds ko kuma a fitar da shi don samar da samfuran ƙarshe kamar zanen filastik, kwalaben, ko filament don buga 3D.
Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA)
1. Jikewa
Ana noma ƙananan halittu kamar ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin wani wuri mai cike da carbon, kamar sukari ko lipids. Waɗannan ƙananan halittu suna samar da PHA a matsayin wurin ajiyar makamashi a cikin nau'in haɗuwa a cikin ƙwayoyin halittarsu.
2. Cirewa da Tsarkakewa
Bayan haka, ana cire PHA daga ƙwayoyin cuta kuma a tsarkake shi don cire sinadaran da ba su da PHA.
3. Tsarin Kayayyakin Ƙarshe
Ana ƙara sarrafa wannan haɗin PHA bisa ga buƙatun masana'antu, misali, an yi shi da jakunkunan filastik ko kayan marufi.
Filastik-Tsarin Taurari
1. Cire Sitaci
Ana fitar da sitaci daga tushen halitta kamar masara, dankali, ko alkama.
2. Haɗawa da Sauran Roba
Sannan a gauraya sitacin da aka cire da wasu robobi ko abubuwan da ke ɗaurewa, wanda hakan ke haifar da wani abu mai haɗaka wanda za a iya amfani da shi don amfani iri-iri.
3. Tsarin Kayayyakin Ƙarshe
Ana samar da wannan kayan haɗin gwiwa ta hanyar yin gyare-gyare ko aiwatar da extrusion zuwa samfurin ƙarshe kamar jakar siyayya ko na'urar naɗe abinci.
Polyglycolic Acid (PGA)
1. Yin amfani da Glycolide Polymerization
Ana yin PGA ta hanyar polymerization na glycolides, waɗanda sune diesters na glycolic acid.
2. Tsarkakewa
Bayan polymerization, PGA an yi shi da lu'ulu'u kuma an tsarkake shi don cire reagents da ragowar daga tsarin polymerization.
3. Tsarin Kayayyakin Ƙarshe
Ana iya ƙirƙirar PGA mai shirye don amfani ta hanyar amfani da shi zuwa samfuran ƙarshe kamar su sutures na tiyata masu lalacewa ko wasu kayan dasawa na likita.
Polybutylene Succinate (PBS)
1. Yin amfani da polymerization
Ana yin PBS ne daga haɗakar succinate da butandiol ta hanyar tsarin polymerization na al'ada.
2. Tsarkakewa
Bayan polymerization, ana tsarkake PBS don cire sauran monomers da catalysts.
3. Tsarin Kayayyakin Ƙarshe
Ana iya fitar da PBS mai tsabta ko ƙera shi don samar da kayayyaki kamar su kayan yanka ko fina-finan filastik.
Roba Mai Tushen Cellulose
1. Cirewar Cellulose
Ana cire cellulose daga tushen halitta kamar itace ko auduga.
2. Gyaran Sinadarai
Sannan ana gyara cellulose da aka cire ta hanyar amfani da sinadarai kamar su esterification ko etherification don inganta halayensa a matsayin filastik.
3. Tsarin Kayayyakin Ƙarshe
A ƙarshe ana amfani da cellulose da aka gyara wajen ƙera samfuran ƙarshe ta hanyar ƙera ko kuma fitar da su.
Kammalawa
Roba mai lalacewa yana ba da mafita mafi kyau ga muhalli fiye da robobi na gargajiya, tare da nau'ikan nau'ikan da hanyoyin samarwa daban-daban waɗanda aka tsara don aikace-aikace daban-daban. Ta hanyar fahimtar nau'ikan robobi masu lalacewa da hanyoyin samar da su, da fatan za mu iya zaɓar da amfani da samfuran robobi cikin hikima don kiyaye muhalli.
Nassoshi
– Leja, K., & Lewandowicz, G. (2010). Rushewar polymer da polymers masu lalacewa—bita. Mujallar Nazarin Muhalli ta Poland, 19(2), 255-266.
– Shah, A. A., Hassan, F., Hameed, A., & Ahmed, S. (2008). Lalacewar robobi ta hanyar halittu: Cikakken bita. Ci gaban fasahar kere-kere, 26(3), 246-265.
