Ka'idar motsi ta bayyana cewa kowace abu ta ƙunshi atoms ko molecules kuma atoms ko molecules suna motsawa akai-akai ba tare da kulawa ba. Wannan zato na ka'idar motsi yana daidai da yanayi da yanayin atom ko molecule na mahaɗan iskar gas. Ƙarfin jan hankali tsakanin atoms ko molecules da ke samar da iskar yana da rauni don atoms ko molecules su iya motsawa cikin 'yanci.
Lokacin motsi, ƙwayoyin halitta ko ƙwayoyin halitta suna da saurin gudu. Kwayoyin halitta ko ƙwayoyin halitta suma suna da taro. Saboda yana da taro (m) da sauri (v), to kwayar halitta ko ƙwayoyin halitta suna da kuzarin motsi (KE) da motsi (p). Ƙarfin motsi: KE = 1/2 mv 2. Yayin da motsi: p = m v. Baya ga kuzarin motsi da motsi, akwai kuma ƙarfi (F). Lokacin motsi cikin 'yanci, karo dole ne ya faru. Don haka, ƙarfi yana ƙaruwa saboda canje-canje a cikin motsi lokacin da karo ya faru. Ƙarfin motsi, motsi, da ƙarfin motsawa sune ginshiƙin tattaunawarmu game da motsi (dokokin motsi, motsawa, da motsi). Za mu iya cewa ka'idar motsi na iskar gas tana amfani da kuzari a matakin atom ko ƙwayoyin halitta.
Tsarin Iskar Gas Mai Kyau (bisa ga ƙa'idodin macroscopic na iskar gas)
A cikin tattaunawar dokokin iskar gas, an yi bayani game da adadi uku da suka bayyana yanayin iskar gas ta gaske. Adadin da ake magana a kai guda uku sune Zafin Jiki (T), Juzu'i (V) da matsin lamba (P). Alaƙar da ke tsakanin waɗannan adadi uku na macroscopic an bayyana ta a cikin Dokar Boyle, Dokar Charles, da Dokar Gay Lussac. Lura cewa waɗannan dokoki uku sun shafi iskar gas ta gaske wacce ke da matsin lamba da yawa (yawa = taro/girma) wanda bai yi yawa ba. Waɗannan dokoki uku kuma suna aiki ne kawai ga iskar gas ta gaske wacce zafinta bai kusa da wurin tafasa ba.
Dokar Boyle, dokar Charles, da dokar Gay-Lussac ba su shafi dukkan yanayin iskar gas na gaske ba don mu iya samar da samfurin iskar gas mai kyau. Iskar gas mai kyau ba ta wanzu a rayuwar yau da kullun; iskar gas mai kyau kawai cikakkiyar siffa ce da aka ƙera don taimakawa nazarinmu, kamar jikin da ya dace da tauri da ruwa. Don haka, muna la'akari da dokar Boyle, dokar Charles da dokar Gay-Lussac sun shafi duk yanayin iskar gas mai kyau. Kasancewar samfurin iskar gas mai kyau yana taimaka mana mu sake duba dangantakar da ke tsakanin yawan iskar gas mai girma.
Dokar iskar gas mai kyau an bayyana ta a cikin lissafi biyu, PV = nRT (dokar iskar gas mai kyau a cikin adadin moles) da PV = NkT (dokar iskar gas mai kyau a cikin adadin kwayoyin halitta). Muna ɗauka cewa iskar gas mai kyau ta cika waɗannan daidaito guda biyu. A wata ma'anar, dokar iskar gas mai kyau ta shafi duk yanayin iskar gas mai kyau, ko matsin iskar gas mai kyau ko taro ya yi yawa ko kuma lokacin da zafin iskar gas mai kyau ya kusanci wurin tafasa. Sabanin haka, dokar iskar gas mai kyau ba ta shafi duk yanayin iskar gas na gaske ba. Dokar iskar gas mai kyau ta shafi ne kawai lokacin da matsin lamba da yawan iskar gas na gaske ba su yi yawa ba. Dokar iskar gas mai kyau kuma tana aiki ne kawai lokacin da zafin iskar gas na gaske bai kusa da wurin tafasa ba. Dangane da wannan ɗan taƙaitaccen bayanin, za mu iya cewa iskar gas ta gaske tana da halaye iri ɗaya da iskar gas mai kyau kawai lokacin da yawan gaske,
kuma matsin iskar gas bai yi yawa ba kuma lokacin da ainihin zafin iskar gas ɗin bai kusa da wurin tafasa ba.
An sake duba manufar iskar gas mai kyau da aka bayyana a sama bisa ga halayen macroscopic. Duk da cewa iskar gas mai kyau kawai samfurin da ya dace ne, har yanzu ana ɗaukar iskar gas mai kyau a matsayin iskar da ta ƙunshi atoms ko ƙwayoyin da ke motsawa cikin 'yanci. Saboda haka, zai yi kyau idan muka tattauna manufar iskar gas mai kyau daga hangen nesa mai zurfi.
Tsarin Iskar Gas Mai Kyau (bisa ga ƙananan halayen iskar gas)
Ga wasu taƙaitaccen bayani da ke bayyana yanayin iskar gas mai kyau, waɗanda suka dogara da Ka'idar Gas Kinetic Theory:
1. Iskar gas mai kyau ta ƙunshi barbashi, waɗanda ake kira ƙwayoyin halitta. Kwayoyin iskar gas masu kyau na iya haɗawa da atom ɗaya ko atom da yawa. Kowace ƙwayar halitta tana da taro (m) kuma tana motsawa bazuwar kowace hanya a wani takamaiman gudu (v).
2. Nisa tsakanin kowace kwayar halitta ya fi diamita na kowace kwayar halitta.
3. Waɗannan ƙwayoyin suna bin dokokin motsi kuma suna hulɗa da juna lokacin da karo ya faru.
4. Haɗuwa tsakanin ƙwayoyin halitta da ƙwayoyin halitta ko tsakanin ƙwayoyin halitta da bangon kwantena su ne karo mafi kyau, kuma kowace haɗuwa tana faruwa a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci.
A cikin cikakkiyar karo, dokar kiyaye makamashi tana aiki (makamashi kafin karo = makamashi bayan karo) da kuma dokar kiyaye kuzari (momentum kafin karo = momentum bayan karo).
Bitar karo-karo na bugun zuciya don ka'idar motsi na iskar gas
Yi bitar dangantakar adadi tsakanin adadi mai yawa da kuma adadi mai yawa na iskar gas. Adadin da ke nuna yanayin iskar gas shine zafin jiki (T), girma (V) da matsin lamba (P). Yayin da adadin da ke cewa yanayin iskar gas mai yawa sune gudu ko gudu (v), motsi (p), ƙarfi (F) da kuzarin motsi (EK) na atom ko ƙwayoyin da ke samar da iskar.
Mun sake duba wasu ƙwayoyin iskar gas a cikin akwati mai rufewa. Tsawon gefen akwatin = l da yankin giciye = A.
Kwayoyin halitta suna da nauyi (m) kuma, lokacin motsi, kwayoyin halitta suna da saurin (v). Saboda an rufe kwantena, akwai yiwuwar karo tsakanin kwayoyin halitta da bangon jirgin ruwa wanda ke da yankin saman A.
Domin sauƙaƙa nazarin, mu kawai karo da ke faruwa a bangon hagu (bangon da ke daidai da axis ɗin z). Da farko, za mu tattauna karo da kwayar halitta ɗaya ta fuskanta. Kira shi kwayar halitta 1. Nauyin kwayar halitta = m1 da saurin motsi = v1. Alkiblar motsi zuwa hagu an saita ta zama mara kyau, yayin da alkiblar motsi zuwa dama an saita ta zama mai kyau.
Za mu iya ɗauka cewa kafin mu haɗu da bangon kwantena, motsin kwayoyin halitta yana daidai da axis ɗin x da kuma alkiblar motsi zuwa hagu. Saboda haka, akwai wani ɓangare na gudu akan axis ɗin x wanda yake korau (-v).1xDomin yana da nauyi (m1) da kuma saurin (-v1x), kwayoyin halitta suna da ƙarfin motsi (p1 = -m1 v1x). Wannan shine farkon motsi. Lokacin da ya yi karo da bango, kwayar halittar tana samar da ƙarfin aiki a bango. Saboda akwai ƙarfin aiki, bangon yana samar da ƙarfin amsawa. Ƙarfin amsawa daga bango yana sa kwayar halittar ta kasance a hannun dama. Saboda alkiblar motsi zuwa dama, ɓangaren saurin ƙwayoyin halitta yana da kyau (v1xMotsin kwayoyin halitta bayan karo shine p2 = m1 v1xWannan shine lokacin ƙarshe.
Girman canjin yanayin motsi sakamakon karo shine:
Jimlar ƙarfin = ƙarfin ƙarshe—ƙarshen ƙarfin farko
Jimlar p = p 2 – p 1
Jimlar p = m 1 v 1x – (-m 1 v 1x )
Jimlar p = 2m 1 v 1x
2m 1 v 1x = jimlar ƙarfin karo ɗaya. Saboda karo na kwayoyin halitta shine cikakken karo, karo na faruwa ba sau ɗaya kawai ba, amma akai-akai. A cikin karo na cikakke, dokar kiyaye makamashi da dokar kiyaye ƙarfin motsi suna aiki. Ƙarfi da ƙarfin motsi kafin karo = kuzari da ƙarfin motsi bayan karo. Saboda haka, kwayar halittar ba za ta taɓa daina motsi ba (ƙarfin kuzari mara iyaka). Saurin ƙwayoyin halitta kuma ba ya raguwa (ci gaba da ƙarfin motsi).
Bayan ya yi karo da bangon hagu, kwayar halittar ta koma dama har sai ta buga bangon dama. Bayan ta yi karo da bangon dama, kwayar halittar ta koma hagu ta sake buga bangon hagu. Domin tsawon gefen akwatin = l, sannan bayan ta yi karo da bangon hagu a karon farko, kwayar halittar za ta yi tafiya ta nisan lita 2 kafin ta yi karo da bangon hagu a karo na biyu. Lokacin da take motsawa har zuwa lita 2, kwayoyin halittar dole ne su buƙaci takamaiman tazara ( Δt ). Adadin tazara ( Δt ) da kwayar halittar ke buƙatar motsawa har zuwa lita 2, lissafi ne:
Δt shine tazara tsakanin kowace karo. Lokacin da aka ci karo da bango, kwayar halittar tana samar da ƙarfin aiki a bango. Saboda ƙarfin aiki, bangon yana samar da ƙarfin amsawa. Kasancewar wannan ƙarfin amsawa yana sa kwayar halittar ta sake motsawa zuwa dama. A wannan yanayin, alkiblar motsin kwayoyin halitta yana canzawa. Da farko, kwayar halittar tana motsawa zuwa hagu (-v1x), bayan ta ci karo da bango, kwayar halittar tana motsawa zuwa dama (v 1x ). Canje-canje a alkiblar motsi yana haifar da canje-canje a cikin motsi (momentum na ƙarshe - momentum na farko = m 1 v 1x – (-m 1 v 1x ) = 2m 1 v 1x ). Za mu iya cewa canjin motsi yana faruwa ne saboda jimlar ƙarfin da bango ke bayarwa. Adadin jimlar ƙarfin da bango ke bayarwa, a lissafi:
A cikin akwatin da ke sama, an bayyana kwayar halitta ɗaya kawai. Wannan ba yana nufin cewa kwayar halitta ɗaya ce kawai ke cikin akwatin ba. A zahiri, akwai ƙwayoyin halitta da yawa na iskar gas. Adadin ƙarfin da ake buƙata ga dukkan ƙwayoyin halitta na iskar gas a cikin akwatin, a lissafi:
F = F 1 + F 2 + F 3 + ….. + F n
F 1 = jimlar ƙarfin ga ƙwayoyin halitta 1
F 2 = jimlar ƙarfin ga ƙwayoyin halitta 2
F 3 = jimlar ƙarfin ga ƙwayoyin halitta 3
…… = da sauransu
F n = jimlar ƙarfi ga ƙwayoyin halitta 4
n = kwayar halitta ta ƙarshe.
m1 = nauyin kwayoyin halitta 1, m2 = nauyin kwayoyin halitta 2, m3 = nauyin kwayoyin halitta 3, mn = nauyin kwayar halitta ta ƙarshe. m1 +m2 +m3 + ….. + mn = m (nauyin iskar gas a cikin akwatin). l = tsawon gefen akwatin.
v 12x = gudun kwayoyin halitta 1, v 22 x = gudun kwayoyin halitta 2, v 33 x = gudun kwayoyin halitta 3, v n2 x = gudun kwayoyin halitta na karshe. Gudun kowanne kwayar halitta ya bambanta, don haka muna buƙatar ƙididdige matsakaicin saurin dukkan kwayoyin halitta. Don ƙididdige matsakaicin saurin kwayar halitta, za mu iya raba saurin dukkan kwayoyin halitta da adadin kwayoyin halitta. A cikin ka'idar motsi na iskar gas, yawan kwayoyin halitta yawanci ana ba su alama N. A lissafi, matsakaicin saurin dukkan kwayoyin halitta an rubuta:
Mun haɗa lissafin b da lissafin a:
F = ƙarfi, m = yawan iskar gas, l = tsawon gefen akwatin, N = adadin ƙwayoyin.
A cikin bayanin da ya gabata, an ɗauka cewa motsi na ƙwayoyin halitta a layi ɗaya da axis ɗin x. An yi wannan hasashen ne don sauƙaƙa bincikenmu. A zahiri, duk ƙwayoyin iskar gas a cikin akwati ba sa motsawa a kowace hanya bazuwar. Saboda motsi yana faruwa bazuwar, banda samun matsakaicin ɓangaren gudu akan axis ɗin x, ƙwayar kuma tana da matsakaicin ɓangaren gudu akan axis ɗin y ko z. Don haka, matsakaicin saurin ƙwayar iskar gas = jimlar adadin abubuwan da ke cikin matsakaicin saurin akan axis ɗin x, axis ɗin y, da z. A lissafi:
Saboda ƙwayoyin halitta suna motsawa bazuwar, abubuwan da ke kan axis-x, axis-y, da z-axis suna da girma iri ɗaya. A lissafi:
Mun haɗa lissafin 2 da lissafin 1 :
Mun haɗa lissafin 3 da lissafin n c :
F = adadin ƙarfin da ƙwayoyin iskar gas ke yi a bangon akwatin, wanda ke da yankin saman A.
Alaƙar da ke tsakanin matsin lamba (P) da girman ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta
Matsi (P) adadi ne da ke nuna yanayin iskar gas mai girman gaske. Bita Matsi bisa ga ƙananan halayen iskar gas. Adadin matsin lambar da ƙwayar iskar gas ɗin ke bayarwa a bango wanda ke da yankin giciye-sashe A shine:
P = matsin lamba, N = adadin ƙwayoyin iskar gas, m = nauyi, v = Matsakaicin saurin ƙwayar, V = girman akwati
