Ma'anar Wutar Lantarki
A cikin na'urar jagoranci kamar tagulla, akwai electrons waɗanda ke motsawa bazuwar a cikin babban gudu amma ba sa tserewa daga ƙarfe. Ana kiran electrons waɗanda za su iya motsawa cikin 'yanci electrons kyauta. Duk da cewa electrons suna motsawa cikin 'yanci a kowane bangare, babu cikakken kwararar electrons a wani takamaiman alkibla. Wannan yanayin yana faruwa ne lokacin da babu wani bambanci tsakanin ƙarshen waya ta tagulla guda biyu.
Idan aka haɗa wayar da tushen lantarki, akwai bambanci mai yuwuwa tsakanin ƙarshen waya ta jan ƙarfe guda biyu, ta yadda filin lantarki zai bayyana a cikin wayar jan ƙarfe. Kasancewar filin lantarki yana sa electrons kyauta su fuskanci ƙarfin lantarki F = q E = e E, inda F = ƙarfin lantarki, e = cajin lantarki, E = filin lantarkiWannan ƙarfin lantarki yana sa duk electrons ɗin da ke motsawa cikin 'yanci su haɗu wuri ɗaya, wanda shine alkibla ɗaya da ƙarfin lantarki.
Electron kyauta da ke tafiya tare suna tsakanin atom ɗin da ke cikin wayar jan ƙarfe don haka duk electrons ɗin su yi karo da atom ɗin. Haɗarin yana sa alkiblar electrons ɗin kyauta ta canza. Duk waɗannan electrons koyaushe suna fuskantar ƙarfin lantarki don haka duk electrons ɗin suna hanzarta a cikin alkiblar da ƙarfin lantarki. Bayan motsi na ɗan lokaci, electrons ɗin kyauta suna karo da atom a cikin wayar jan ƙarfe. Amma electrons ɗin kyauta koyaushe suna fuskantar ƙarfin lantarki don haka duk electrons ɗin suna sake hanzarta. Don haka baya ga motsawa bazuwar a cikin alkibla daban-daban, duk electrons ɗin kyauta suma suna tafiya a hankali tare a cikin alkiblar ƙarfin lantarki da kuma akasin haka zuwa filin lantarki. Alkiblar filin lantarki tana daga babban ƙarfin lantarki zuwa ƙaramin ƙarfin lantarki, yayin da electrons ke motsawa daga ƙaramin ƙarfin lantarki zuwa babban ƙarfin lantarki. Motsin bazuwar kowane electron kyauta yana da sauri sosai, yayin da motsi tare da electrons ɗin kyauta a cikin alkiblar ƙarfin lantarki yana da saurin jinkiri sosai. Wannan motsi tare da electrons ɗin kyauta a cikin alkiblar ƙarfin lantarki kuma ana kiransa da gudun karkacewa.
Ana bayyana wutar lantarki a matsayin kwararar wutar lantarki ta hanyar wani sashe na mai gudanarwa a wani lokaci. Dangane da yarjejeniyar, alkiblar wutar lantarki iri ɗaya ce da alkiblar wutar lantarki. An yi wannan yarjejeniya kafin a san cewa abin da ke motsawa a cikin mai gudanarwa shine electrons marasa caji mara kyau. Alkiblar motsin electrons a cikin mai gudanarwa ya saba da alkiblar wutar lantarki. Don haka idan muka tattauna kwararar wutar lantarki a cikin mai gudanarwa, abin da ake nufi shine kwararar wutar lantarki mai kyau, wanda kuma ake kira wutar lantarki ta al'ada saboda sakamakon yarjejeniya ne.
Daidaiton wutar lantarki
A fannin lissafi, ana bayyana wutar lantarki ta hanyar lissafi:
Ni = ΔQ / Δt
I = wutar lantarki, ΔQ = adadin wutar lantarki, Δt = tazara tsakanin lokaci.
Naúrar wutar lantarki
Naúrar cajin lantarki ita ce Coulomb, naúrar lokaci ita ce ta biyu, don haka naúrar wutar lantarki ita ce Coulomb/daki. Ana kuma kiran Coulomb/daki Ampere, sunan masanin kimiyyar lissafi ɗan Faransa Andre Marie Ampere (1775-1836). Ampere 1 = 1 Coulomb/daki (1 A = 1 C/s). A wata ma'anar, wutar lantarki ta 1 Ampere daidai take da cajin lantarki na 1 Coulomb wanda ke ratsa yankin waya na tsawon dakika 1. Baya ga yadda ake bayyana shi a cikin Amperes, ana kuma bayyana wutar lantarki a cikin milliampers (1 mA = 10-3 A), ƙananan amperes (1 μA = 10-6 A), nano amperes (1 nA = 10-9 A) ko picoamperes (1 pA = 10-12 A).
Misalin matsala ta 1:
Wutar lantarki ta Amperes 2 tana gudana ta cikin wayar na tsawon daƙiƙa 8. Kayyade adadin cajin da ke ratsawa ta wani wuri da kuma adadin electrons a cikin wannan cajin!
Wanda aka sani:
Wutar lantarki (I) = 1 Ampere
Tazarar lokaci (t) = daƙiƙa 2
SE busca: cajin (Q) da adadin electrons (e)
Magani:
Daidaito na wutar lantarki:
I = Q/t
I = wutar lantarki, Q = cajin lantarki, t = tazara lokaci
Cajin wutar lantarki:
Q = I t = (Ampere 2)(daƙiƙa 8) = 16 C.
Cajin lantarki ɗaya shine 1.6 x 10-19 Coulomb, don haka cajin Coulomb 16 yana da electrons da yawa kamar 16 C / 1.6 x 10-19 Coulomb = 10 x 1019 electrons.
Wutar lantarki, saurin juyawa, da yawan wutar lantarki
Yi bitar cajin da ke motsawa daidai da saurin, yana shawagi v zuwa ga filin lantarki E
akan na'urar jagoranci wacce ke da yanki mai giciye A. Cajin da ke da kyau yana motsawa har zuwa s = vt a lokacin tazara t.
Idan adadin ƙwayoyin da aka caje a kowace girma (yawan ƙwayoyin da aka caje) n ne kuma girman mai gudanarwa shine A s = A vt,
to adadin ƙwayoyin da aka caji a cikin girman mai gudanarwa shine n A v t. Idan kowace ƙwayar da aka caji tana da cajin q to adadin cajin da ke ratsa ƙarshen mai gudanarwa a lokacin tazara shine Q = nq A v t. Don haka, wutar lantarki da ke gudana ta ƙarshen mai gudanarwa shine I = Q / t = nq A v. Yayin da yawan wutar lantarki ko wutar lantarki a kowane yanki na giciye A shine J = I / A = nq v.
Za a iya kammala da cewa kwararar wutar lantarki a cikin mai gudanarwa samfurin ninka yawan ƙwayoyin da aka caji (n) ne,
adadin cajin kowane barbashi (q), yankin mai jagoran (A) da kuma saurin barbashi da aka caji (v).
Yi nazarin tambayoyin misalai masu zuwa.
Misalin matsala ta 2:
Ana samun wutar lantarki mai ƙarfi ta amperes 10 a cikin wayar jan ƙarfe tare da yankin giciye na 3 x 10.-6 m2Yawan lantarki kyauta shine 8.4 x 1028 electrons/m3Ƙayyade saurin guduwar electron kyauta!
Wanda aka sani:
Wutar lantarki (I) = 10 Ampere
Yankin giciye na waya (A) = 3 x 10-6 m2
Yawan lantarki kyauta (n) = 8.4 x 1028 m-3
Cajin lantarki (q) = 1.6 x 10-19 C
SE busca: Saurin fitar da wutar lantarki kyauta (v)
Magani:
Ana ƙididdige saurin electrons ta amfani da dabarar da aka samo a baya:
I = wutar lantarki, n = yawan barbashi da aka caji = yawan electron, q = cajin electron guda ɗaya, A = yankin giciye na mai jagoranci, v = saurin karkatar da electron
Saurin karkatar da wutar lantarki shine 0.248 x 10-3 Mita/daƙiƙa = milimita 0.248/daƙiƙa.
'Yan lantarki masu 'yanci suna tafiya tare a cikin waya a gudun milimita 0.248 a kowace daƙiƙa. A wata ma'anar, kowace daƙiƙa, duk 'yan lantarki masu 'yanci suna tafiya har zuwa milimita 0.248. Wannan gudu ne mai jinkiri sosai. Idan motsi na 'yan lantarki masu 'yanci yana da jinkiri sosai, me yasa hasken wutar lantarki ke kunnawa nan da nan bayan an kunna maɓallin?
Domin fahimtar wannan, electrons suna gudana a cikin mai gudanarwa kamar yadda ruwa ke kwarara a cikin bututun. Idan bututun ya cika da ruwa to idan ƙarshen bututun ya haɗu da famfo, ruwan nan da nan yana fitowa daga ƙarshen ɗayan bututun. Haka nan, akwai electrons kyauta a cikin wayar jan ƙarfe da wayar kwan fitila. Lokacin da aka kunna maɓallin, filin lantarki yana tasowa tare da saurin kusantar saurin haske (gudun haske = 3 x 108 mita/daƙiƙa), wanda ke sa electrons kyauta su fara tafiya tare a wannan lokacin. Akwai electrons kyauta a cikin wayar kwan fitila don hasken ya kunna a wannan lokacin.
Matsaloli da mafita
1. Akwai wutar lantarki mai ƙarfi ta 10 A a cikin waya na tsawon mintuna 2. Nawa ne daga cikin adadin cajin yana wucewa ta cikin madubin jagora a kowane wuri.
An sani:
Wutar lantarki (I) = 10 A
Tazarar lokaci (t) = minti 2 = daƙiƙa 2 x 60 = daƙiƙa 120
Ana so: Caji (Q)
Magani:
Daidaito na wutar lantarki:
I = q/t
I = wutar lantarki, q = cajin wutar lantarki, t = tazara tsakanin lokaci
Cajin wutar lantarki:
Q = I t = (10)(120) = 1200 C
2. 60 C na caji yana wucewa ta wani wuri a cikin da'irar na tsawon mintuna 5. Menene wutar lantarki?
An sani:
Tazarar lokaci (t) = mintuna 5 = daƙiƙa 5 x 60 = daƙiƙa 300
Cajin wutar lantarki (Q) = 60 C
Ana so: Wutar lantarki (I)
Magani:
Wutar lantarki:
I = Q/t
I = 60/300
I = 0.2 Coulombs/daƙiƙa
I = 0.2 Amperes
3. Naúrar wutar lantarki a cikin tsarin SI shine…
Magani
Coulombs/daƙiƙa
Coulombs/daƙiƙa, wanda aka ba shi suna na musamman, Ampere.
