Koyarwar Asali ta Fizik

Domin bayyana hanyoyin thermodynamic da ba za a iya canzawa ba, masana kimiyya sun tsara ka'idar thermodynamics ta biyu. Ka'idar thermodynamics ta biyu ta bayyana irin hanyoyin da za su iya faruwa a sararin samaniya da kuma irin hanyoyin da ba za su iya faruwa ba. Wani masanin kimiyya mai suna RJE Clausius (1822-1888) ya yi wannan bayani:

A dabi'ance, zafi yana tafiya daga abubuwa masu zafi zuwa abubuwa masu ƙarancin zafin jiki; a zahiri, zafi baya tafiya daga abubuwa masu ƙarancin zafin jiki zuwa abubuwa masu yawan zafin jiki (Dokar thermodynamics ta biyu - bayanin Clausius).

Bayanin Clausius yana ɗaya daga cikin maganganun musamman na dokar thermodynamics ta biyu. Ana kiransa sanarwa ta musamman saboda yana aiki ne kawai ga tsari ɗaya kawai, wanda ya shafi canja wurin zafi. Tunda wannan bayanin ba shi da alaƙa da wasu hanyoyin, muna buƙatar bayani na gaba ɗaya. Ci gaban bayanin gaba ɗaya na dokar thermodynamics ta biyu ya dogara ne akan nazarin injunan zafi. Saboda haka, muna tattauna zafin injin da farko.

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Article Thermodynamic processes : Isothermal Adiabatic Isochoric Isobaric

There are four thermodynamic processes, namely Isothermal, isochoric, isobaric and adiabatic processes.

Isothermal Process (constant temperature)

In an isothermal process, system temperature is kept constant. Theoretically, the analyzed system is an ideal gas. Ideal gas temperature is directly proportional to ideal internal gas energy (U = 3/2 n R T). T does not change, so U also does not change. Thus, if applied to the isothermal process, the first law of the thermodynamic equation becomes:

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Tsarin thermodynamic

Zafi (Q) shine kuzarin da ke motsawa daga abu ɗaya zuwa wani saboda bambancin zafin jiki. Game da tsarin da muhalli, zafi shine kuzarin da ke motsawa daga tsari zuwa yanayi ko makamashin da ke motsawa daga yanayi zuwa yanayi, saboda bambancin zafin jiki. Idan zafin tsarin ya fi na yanayi, zafi zai gudana daga tsarin zuwa yanayi. Idan zafin yanayin ya fi na tsarin girma, to zafi zai gudana daga yanayi zuwa yanayi.

Zafi (Q) makamashi ne da ke motsawa saboda bambancin zafin jiki, yayin da aiki (W) yana da alaƙa da canja wurin makamashi ta hanyar aiki. Misali, idan tsarin yana aiki akan muhalli, to makamashi yana motsawa daga tsarin zuwa muhalli. Akasin haka, idan muhalli yana aiki akan tsarin, to makamashi yana motsawa daga muhalli zuwa tsari.

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Haɗuwa Masu Rashin Nasaba

The conservation of kinetic energy law is not applicable in inelastic collisions. The conservation of momentum law is applicable in inelastic collisions if only no external force acts on the two colliding objects. In an inelastic collision, two objects stick together or are attached to each other after the collision.

Misali tambaya ta 1.

Two objects are of the same mass, namely 1 kg. Object 1 moves on a flat plane at a speed of 10 m/s and collides with object two which is at rest. After the collision, the two objects stick together. What is the speed of the two objects after the collision?

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karo mai laushi kaɗan

A cikin karo na ɗan lokaci, dokar kiyaye ƙarfin motsi tana aiki, yayin da dokar kiyaye ƙarfin motsi ba ta aiki. A lokacin da karo ya faru, wani makamashin motsi yana canzawa zuwa makamashin sauti, makamashin zafi, da makamashin ciki. Amfani da kalmar elastic yana nuna cewa bayan karo, abubuwa biyu ba sa mannewa tare amma suna tashi sama.

Misalin karo mai sassauƙa shine karo mai girma ɗaya na duwatsu biyu ko ƙwallan wurin wanka guda biyu.

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Kiyaye ƙarfin layin layi

Law of conservation of linear momentum states that if there is no external force acting on two colliding objects, the momentum of the objects before the collision is equal to the momentum of the objects after the collision.

p₁ +p₂ = shafi₁ ’ + p₂ ' …………………….. Daidaito 1.4

m₁ v₁ +m₂ v₂ = m₁ v₁ '+ m₂ v₂ '

If after collision both objects stick together,

m₁ v₁ +m₂ v₂ = (m₁ +m₂ ) v'

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Cikakkun karo masu roba

Haɗarin abubuwa biyu ana kiransa haɗarin roba idan ƙarfin motsi ko kuzarin motsi na kowane abu kafin haɗarin ya yi daidai da ƙarfin motsi da kuzarin motsi na kowane abu bayan haɗarin. A wata ma'anar, kiyaye dokar motsi da kiyaye dokar kuzarin motsi suna aiki a cikin haɗarin roba mai kyau. Amfani da kalmar roba yana nuna cewa bayan haɗarin, abubuwa biyu ba sa mannewa ko kuma ba sa haɗewa da juna amma suna tashi. Ana kiyaye ƙarfin kowane abu.

Ana kiyaye ƙarfin kowane abu.

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Ka'idar makamashin aiki-injini

The work-kinetic energy theorem states that the net work or the work done by the net force is equal to the change in kinetic energy.

W_net = KE_t – ZUWA_o = 1⁄2 m(v_t² - v_o²)

W_net = There are two types of forces, namely conservative force, and non-conservative force. Thus, net work can be considered to be comprised of the work done by a conservative force and the work done by a non-conservative force.

W_c +W_nc = ΔKE

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Aikin da ƙungiyoyin masu ra'ayin mazan jiya ke yi Makamashi mai yuwuwa

Observe an object which moves vertically upwards and then return to its initial position after reaching a maximum height. When the object is moving vertically upwards, weight does negative work on the object. When the object is moving upwards, the object’s height increases. Therefore, the object’s gravitational potential energy increases as well. It can be concluded that the negative work done by weight is equal to the increase in the object’s gravitational potential energy (PE).

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Rundunar 'yan ra'ayin mazan jiya da rundunar da ba ta ra'ayin mazan jiya ba

1. Conservative Force

1.1 Nauyi (w)

Observe an object which moves vertically upwards until reaching a maximum height before moving downwards towards its initial position. When moving vertically upwards by h, the weight is opposite in direction from displacement. Thus, the weight does negative work on the object. 

W = w h (cos 180^o) = – w h = – m g h

After reaching a maximum height, the object moves downwards towards its initial position by h. When moving downwards, the weight is in the same direction as the displacement. Because it is in the same direction as displacement, the weight does positive work.

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