Koyarwar Asali ta Fizik

Idan muka duba da kyau, da farko za a iya ganin hayakin da ke fitowa daga ƙonewar. Bayan wani lokaci, ba za a iya ganin hayakin ba. Shin kun yi amfani da turare? Ko da kun fesa turare a cikin ɗakin, sauran mutanen da ke wajen gida suma za su iya jin ƙamshin turaren. Idan uwar ta dafa abinci mai daɗi da daɗi a cikin kicin, ana iya jin ƙamshin girki daga gidan maƙwabci. Me yasa hakan?

Akwai wasu misalai da yawa. Idan ka saka ɗigon tawada kaɗan a cikin gilashi mai ɗauke da ruwa mai tsabta, tawada, ko launin abinci zai bazu ko'ina cikin ruwa. Wannan yana faruwa ta atomatik. Wasu misalan da suka gabata sune abubuwan da suka faru na yaɗuwa waɗanda galibi ake fuskanta a rayuwar yau da kullun. Yaɗuwa tsari ne na motsa abubuwa daga babban taro zuwa ƙaramin taro. Abin da ake nufi da yawan taro shine adadin ƙwayoyin halitta/moles na wani abu a kowace girma. Wurin taro mai yawa wuri ne inda akwai ƙwayoyin halitta da yawa a kowace girma. Akasin haka, ƙarancin taro wurare ne inda akwai ƙananan ƙwayoyin halitta a kowace girma.

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Makamashi a cikin iskar gas mai kyau ta monatomic

Makamashin da ke cikin iskar gas mai kyau ta monoatomic shine jimlar kuzarin motsi na fassara na ƙwayoyin iskar gas masu kyau ta monatomic. Jimlar kuzarin motsi na fassara na ƙwayoyin iskar gas masu kyau = samfurin matsakaicin kuzarin motsi na fassara na kowane ƙwayar cuta da adadin ƙwayoyin cuta (N). A lissafi:

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An samo ka'idar kayan aikin makamashi ta hanyar ka'ida ta Clerk Maxwell ta amfani da makanikan kididdiga. Ana kiranta ka'idar saboda babu wata shaida ta hanyar gwaji. Raba makamashi yana nufin rarraba makamashi daidai gwargwado.

KE = matsakaicin kuzarin motsi na kwayoyin iskar gas (Joule)

k = Madaidaitan Boltzmann = 1.38 x 10^-23 J/K

T = cikakken zafin jiki na cikakkiyar ƙwayar iskar gas (Kelvin)

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Baya ga matsin lamba, ɗaya daga cikin adadin da ke nuna yanayin macroscopic na iskar gas shine zafin jiki (T). Daidaiton matsin lamba na iskar gas:

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Da kinetic theory states that every substance consists of atoms or molecules and that the atom or molecule moves continuously carelessly. This assumption of kinetic theory matches the situation and condition of the atom or molecule of the gas constituent. The force of attraction between the atoms or molecules making up the gas is feeble so that atoms or molecules can move freely.

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Article Boyle’s law, Charles’s law, Gay-Lussac’s law

Dokar Boyle

Robert Boyle (1627-1691) conducted experiments to investigate the quantitative relationship between gas pressure and volume. This experiment is carried out by inserting a certain amount of gas into a closed container. Until a pretty good approach, he found that if the gas temperature was kept constant, then when the gas pressure increased, the gas volume was reduced. Likewise, when the gas pressure decreases, the gas volume increases. Gas pressure is inversely proportional to gas volume. This relationship is known as Boyle’s Law. Mathematically:

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Dokokin iskar gas na Boyle, Charles law da Gay-Lussac ba su shafi dukkan yanayin iskar gas ba, don haka bincikenmu ya ƙara wahala. Saboda haka, an gabatar da tsarin iskar gas mai kyau. Iskar gas mai kyau ba ta wanzu a rayuwar yau da kullun ba; iskar gas mai kyau ita ce kawai cikakkiyar siffa don sauƙaƙe bincike. Kasancewar wannan ra'ayin iskar gas mai kyau kuma yana taimaka mana wajen sake duba dangantakar da ke tsakanin dokokin iskar gas guda uku.

Alaƙa tsakanin zafin jiki, girma, da matsin lamba na iskar gas

Ta hanyar komawa ga dokokin iskar gas guda uku da ke sama, za mu iya samun ƙarin alaƙa tsakanin zafin jiki, ƙara, da matsin lamba na iskar gas.

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Takamaiman bayanin dokar thermodynamics ta biyu ba zai iya bayyana dukkan hanyoyin da ba za a iya canzawa ba, don haka muna buƙatar bayani gabaɗaya. Ana sa ran wannan bayanin gabaɗaya zai bayyana duk hanyoyin da ba za a iya canzawa ba da ke faruwa a sararin samaniya. An tsara bayanin gaba ɗaya na dokar thermodynamics ta biyu a tsakiyar ƙarni na sha tara, ta hanyar adadi da ake kira entropy (S). Clausius ne ya fara gabatar da Entropy kuma an tsara shi daga zagayowar Carnot (injin caloric cikakke). A cewar Clausius, canje-canjen entropy suna faruwa ne ta hanyar tsarin, lokacin da tsarin ya sami ƙarin zafi (Q) a yanayin zafi mai ɗorewa, wanda lissafin ya wakilta:

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Labari game da Ma'aunin aikin injin sanyaya

Injin sanyaya injin ne da ke ɗaukar zafi daga wuri mai ƙarancin zafi, sannan ya mayar da shi zuwa wurin da ke da yawan zafin jiki. Domin wannan tsari ya faru, injin dole ne ya yi aikin domin zafin yana gudana daga yanayin zafi mai yawa zuwa yanayin zafi mai ƙasa. Wannan ya fito ne daga kalaman Clausius:

Ba zai yiwu ba ga injin sanyaya ya canja wurin zafi daga wuri mai ƙarancin zafi zuwa wuri mai zafi mai yawa, ba tare da aiki ba (Dokar thermodynamics ta biyu - bayanin Clausius).

Injin yana aiki (W) don canja wurin zafi, daga ƙarancin zafin jiki (Q)_L) zuwa babban zafin jiki (Q)_H). Dangane da kiyaye makamashi, Q_L + W = Q_H.

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Don gano yadda ake ƙara ingancin aiki zafi injin, wani masanin kimiyyar Faransa mai suna Sadi Carnot (1796-1832) ya binciki wata na'urar auna kuzari mai kyau a shekarar 1824. A wancan lokacin, ba a tsara dokar farko ta thermodynamics ba, kuma ba a tsara dokar ta biyu ta thermodynamics ba. Ba a tsara dokar farko ba saboda masana kimiyya ba su san cewa zafi makamashi ne ba tukuna. Bayan Joule da abokan aikinsa sun yi gwaji a shekarun 1830, masana kimiyya sun gano zafi makamashi ne da ke motsawa saboda bambancin zafin jiki. Don haka, an tsara dokar farko ta thermodynamics bayan 1830. Sadi Carnot yana bincike kan injin auna kuzari mai kyau a shekarar 1824. Bincikensa a zahiri shine don ƙara ingancin injin tururi. Yawancin injunan tururi na wancan lokacin ba su da inganci sosai.

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