Labari game da ka'idar Atomic da ka'idar motsi
Ka'idar atomic
Tsawon dubban shekaru, tsoffin Helenawa sun yi imani cewa kowace tsattsarkar abu (kamar zinariya, ƙarfe, da sauransu) ta ƙunshi atoms. A cewarsu, idan aka yanke tsattsarkar abu zuwa ƙananan gutsuttsura, to ƙananan gutsuttsura za a sake yankewa, sannan a sake yankewa… da sauransu, to za a sami ƙananan gutsuttsura waɗanda ba za a iya sake yankewa ba. Ƙananan gutsuttsura waɗanda ba za a iya sake yankewa ba ana kiransu atoms. Atom yana nufin "ba za a iya raba su ba" (harshen Girkanci)
A wancan lokacin, ana ɗaukar cewa atom ɗin ba ya rabuwa. Amma daga baya wasu masana kimiyya sun gano electrons da atom nuclei (protons da neutrons) don haka zato cewa ba za a iya raba atom ba kuskure ne. Don haka, atoms sun ƙunshi electrons (wanda aka caji ta hanyar taba) da atom nuclei. Electrons suna zagaye tsakiya. A cikin tsakiya, akwai protons (wanda aka caji ta hanyar taba) da neutrons (wanda ba a caji ta hanyar taba ba ko kuma ba a caji ta hanyar taba ba).
Akwai wata ka'ida; sunan shine ka'idar ci gaba. Wannan ka'ida ta bayyana cewa ana iya raba abubuwa masu tsarki zuwa rashin iyaka. A cewar wannan ka'ida, babu wani abu kamar ƙaramin yanki. Har yanzu ana iya yanke ƙananan guntu zuwa ƙananan guntu. Don haka, ya zama marar iyaka. Wanne daga cikin waɗannan ka'idoji biyu ne daidai? Ka'idar atomic daidai ko ka'idar ci gaba?
A fannin kimiyyar lissafi, kowace ka'ida za a gane ta a kimiyyance idan aka tabbatar da ka'idar a gwaje-gwaje. A ƙarni na 18, 19 da 20, ta hanyar gwaje-gwajen da masana kimiyya suka gudanar, ka'idar atomic gaskiya ce.
Da farko, ku fahimci bita masu zuwa. Abubuwa tsarkakakku ne waɗanda ba za a iya raba su zuwa wasu abubuwa ta hanyar sinadarai ba, misali zinariya (Au), ƙarfe (Fe), jan ƙarfe (Cu), zinc (Zn), Sodium (Na), Calcium (Ca), chlorine (Cl), Nitrogen (N), oxygen (O), hydrogen (H) da sauransu. Bayan abubuwan, akwai kuma mahadi. Mahaɗan sun ƙunshi abubuwa. Saboda ya ƙunshi abubuwa, har yanzu ana iya raba mahaɗan zuwa abubuwa. Misalan mahaɗan sune ruwa.
Mafi ƙanƙantar ɓangaren wani abu shine atom, yayin da ƙaramin ɓangaren wani abu shine molecule. Kwayoyin halitta sun ƙunshi atoms manne tare. Zinariya tsantsa misali ne na wani abu. Zinariya tsantsa ta ƙunshi atoms na zinariya (Au). Guraben ƙarfe kuma misali ne na abubuwa. Baƙin ƙarfe ya ƙunshi atoms na ƙarfe (Fe). Don haka, atom ɗin shine tsantsar abu wanda ya ƙunshi atoms iri ɗaya.
Ruwan da kake gani, riƙewa da sha sau da yawa yana ƙunshe da ƙwayoyin ruwa (tsarin sinadarai shine H2O ) . Kwayoyin ruwa sun ƙunshi ƙwayoyin Hydrogen guda biyu (H) da kuma ƙwayar iskar oxygen guda ɗaya (O).
Ga wasu shaidu na ka'idar atomic:
Na farko, dokar kwatantawa akai-akai.
Dokar kwatantawa ta bayyana cewa idan abubuwan suka haɗu suka zama mahaɗan, mahaɗan da aka samar suna da rabon taro iri ɗaya. Misali, gishiri. Gishirin da muke gani mahaɗan ne wanda ya ƙunshi ƙwayoyin gishiri (NaCl). A dabi'ance, ƙwayoyin gishiri koyaushe suna samuwa ne daga sassa 23 na sodium (Na) da sassa 35 na chlorine (Cl).
Ka'idar ci gaba ba za ta iya bayyana ta ba, amma ka'idar atomic za ta iya bayyana ta. A cewar ka'idar atomic, atomic su ne ƙananan sassan wani abu don haka atomics suna da taro. Rabon taro na abubuwan da ke cikin wani abu dole ne ya kasance yana da alaƙa da nauyin atoms ɗin da ke ƙirƙirar abu. Dangane da adadin kowane abu da ke ƙirƙirar mahaɗan, masana kimiyya suna ƙayyade nauyin atoms. Ana cewa yana da dangantaka saboda ana kwatanta nauyin atoms na wani abu da nauyin atoms na wasu atoms na halitta.
Hydrogen shine mafi ƙarancin atom, don haka ana amfani da shi azaman ma'auni. Ana ba da ƙimar dangi na atom na hydrogen (H) na 1. Ta hanyar amfani da nauyin dangi na atom na hydrogen a matsayin ma'auni, ana ba da ƙimar dangi na atom na carbon (C) na 12,
An sanya nauyin atom na iskar oxygen (O) a matsayin ƙimar 16 da sauransu (duba teburin lokaci-lokaci na abubuwan da ke cikinsa). Matsakaicin nauyin atom na carbon = 12 yana nufin cewa nauyin atom na carbon ɗaya ya fi nauyin atom na hydrogen ɗaya (H) sau 12. Matsakaicin nauyin atom na oxygen = 16 yana nufin cewa nauyin atom na oxygen ya fi nauyin atom na hydrogen ɗaya (H) sau 16.
A cikin Tsarin Ƙasashen Duniya (SI) muna da ma'aunin taro, wato iridium platinum, wanda ake adanawa a cibiyoyin nauyi da girma na ƙasashen duniya a Faransa. A ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyar ƙasa da ƙasa, nauyin iridium platinum shine kilogiram 1, wannan shine kilogiram na yau da kullun. A kan sikelin atomic, muna kuma da ma'aunin taro na biyu, wato atom ɗin carbon 12 C. Dangane da yarjejeniyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa, nauyin atom ɗin carbon 12 C shine raka'o'in atom guda 12,0000 masu haɗin kai (wanda aka taƙaita u).
1 u = 1.66 x 10 -27 kg.
Nauyin atom ɗin Carbon 1 (C) = 12,0000 u, nauyin atom ɗin Hydrogen 1 (H) = 1,0078 u, nauyin atom ɗin Oxygen 1 (O) = 15.9994 u, nauyin atom ɗin Sodium 1 = 22.9897 u da sauransu. Dangane da nauyin atom, ana iya ganinsa gaba ɗaya akan teburin abubuwan da ke faruwa akai-akai.
Baya ga yawan atom, akwai kuma yawan kwayoyin halitta. Yawan kwayoyin halitta shine jimlar yawan atom na kwayar halitta. Misali, nauyin kwayar gishiri (NaCl) = nauyin atom guda daya na sodium (Na) + nauyin atom guda daya na chlorine (Cl). Yawan kwayoyin ruwa (H2O ) = nauyin atom guda biyu na hydrogen (H) + nauyin atom guda daya na oxygen (O).
Na biyu, motsi mai launin ruwan kasa
A zamanin da, akwai wani masanin ilmin halitta ɗan Ingila mai suna Robert Brown. Yana binciken pollen da aka saka a cikin ruwa (1827). Ruwa da pollen ana iya gani ta amfani da na'urar hangen nesa. Robert Brown ya ga abin mamaki ne bayan ya ga pollen yana motsi da kansa. Abin mamaki ne domin pollen yana motsawa. Alkiblar motsin pollen ba ta da tsari, amma tana ci gaba. Yana zargin cewa motsi rai ne, inda pollen ke rayuwa don ya iya motsawa. Amma zato nasa ba daidai ba ne domin ƙananan ƙwayoyin halitta kamar pollen suma suna motsawa idan aka saka su a cikin ruwa. Wannan motsi ana kiransa motsi na Brownian.
Ba za a iya bayyana wannan gano ba har sai an samar da ka'idar motsi.
Ka'idar motsi
Ma'anar motsa jiki (Girkanci). Ka'idar motsa jiki ta bayyana cewa kowace abu ta ƙunshi ƙwayoyin zarra ko ƙwayoyin halitta kuma ƙwayoyin zarra ko ƙwayoyin halitta suna motsawa bazuwar.
Lokacin motsi, atoms ko molecules dole ne su yi sauri. Atoms ko molecules suma suna da taro. Saboda yana da taro (m) da sauri (v), to atom ko molecule yana da kuzarin motsi (EK) da motsi (p). Ƙarfin motsi: EK = 1/2 mv 2. Yayin da motsi: p = m v. Baya ga motsi, akwai ƙarfi. Lokacin motsi, akwai yuwuwar karo. Don haka, ƙarfi yana tasowa saboda canje-canje a motsi lokacin da karo ya faru.
Za mu iya cewa ka'idar motsi ta dogara ne akan kuzarin motsi, ƙarfin motsi, da ƙarfi. Ana nazarin waɗannan abubuwa uku a cikin batun motsin motsi (dokokin Newton, impulse, da momentum). Bambancin shine a cikin ka'idar motsi, muna amfani da kuzari a matakin atoms ko molecules. Boyle (1627-1691), Daniel Bernoulli (1700-1782), Joule (1818-1889), Kronig (1822-1879), Rudolph Clausius (1822-1888) da Clerk Maxwell (1831-1879) ne suka haɓaka ka'idar motsi.
Kasancewar wannan ka'idar motsi zai iya bayyana gano Brown. A cewar ka'idar motsi, pollen yana motsawa ne saboda ƙwayoyin ruwa masu sauri suna tuƙa shi. Adadin ƙwayoyin ruwa yana da yawa, don haka pollen ana tura shi daga wurare daban-daban.
Bisa ga dokar kwatantawa akai-akai da kuma gano motsin launin ruwan kasa, masana kimiyya suna ƙara yarda da ka'idar atomic. Atoms su ne ƙananan guntu na kowane abu. Don haka, atom ɗin yana da girma. Menene girman atom?
A shekarar 1905, Einstein ya yi bincike a ka'idar girman atoms. Dangane da ka'idar atom, ka'idar motsi da bayanai da aka samu ta hanyar gwaje-gwaje, ya gano cewa diamita na atom din ya kai kimanin mita 10 -10 . Don haka, ana samun diamita na atom din ta hanyar lissafi. An gano girman atoms, don haka ana gane ka'idar atom, da kuma ka'idar motsi.
