Dabaru da Hanyoyin Sarrafa Zinare daga Ma'adinai
Sarrafa zinare daga ma'adinai jerin hanyoyin fasaha ne don raba da tsarkake zinare daga kayan dutse da ke ɗauke da ma'adanai masu mahimmanci. Saboda ba a samun zinare a cikin siffa mai "tsarkakakke" mai sauƙin isa ga yanayi ba, ana buƙatar ingantattun hanyoyi - daga shirya ma'adinai, rabuwa ta jiki, cirewa, da kuma tsaftacewa ta ƙarshe. Wannan labarin ya tattauna dabaru da hanyoyin gama gari don sarrafa zinare daga ma'adinai, tare da ƙa'idodin aiki, fa'idodi da rashin amfani, da mahimman fannoni na aminci da muhalli.
1. Halayen Ma'adinan Zinare da Muhimmancin Gwaji na Farko
Kafin zaɓar hanyar sarrafawa, muhimmin mataki shine fahimtar halayen ma'adinan. Ma'adinan zinare na iya zama:
– Oxide ma'adanai (gabaɗaya suna da sauƙin sarrafawa).
– Tama na Sulfide (sau da yawa "ba ya da ƙarfi" saboda zinare yana makale a cikin ma'adanai na sulfide kamar pyrite/arsenopyrite).
– Ma'adinin Carbon ko kuma fashin da aka yi da shi (carbon na halitta yana shan hadaddun zinare don haka yana rage murmurewa).
– Mai sanyaya/alluvial (kyauta hatsin zinariya a cikin yashi/tsakuwa).
A fannin masana'antu, ana gudanar da gwaje-gwajen ƙarfe kamar nazarin abubuwan da ke cikin zinare (gwajin wuta), gwajin ma'adanai (microscopy/XRD), da gwaje-gwajen leaching na sikelin dakin gwaje-gwaje don kimanta murmurewa da kuma tantance hanyar aiki mafi inganci.
2. Shirin Ma'adinai: Niƙawa da Niƙawa
Matakin farko na sarrafawa shine rage girman ma'adinan ta yadda ma'adanai na zinariya za su sami 'yanci daga duwatsun ƙazanta.
1) Murkushewa
Ma'adinan da ake samu daga ma'adinan galibi yana da girma, sannan a niƙa shi ta amfani da na'urar niƙa muƙamuƙi ko na'urar niƙa mazugi mai girman santimita.
2) Niƙa/niƙa
Bayan haka, ana niƙa ma'adinan ta amfani da injin niƙa ƙwallo ko injin niƙa SAG zuwa girman da ya fi ƙanƙanta (misali, kashi 80% yana wuce microns 75-150), ya danganta da buƙatun 'yantar da shi.
Manufar ba wai kawai a tsaftace kayan ba ne, har ma a cimma girman da ya dace. Yawaitar abu yana sa ya yi wuya a cire zinarin, yayin da ya yi kyau sosai yana ƙara yawan amfani da sinadaran kuma yana rikitar da rabuwar abu mai ƙarfi da ruwa.
3. Nauyin Nauyi: Amfani da Bambance-bambance a Takamaiman Nauyin Nauyi
Idan ma'adanin ya ƙunshi zinare mai kauri, hanyar nauyi tana da tasiri sosai saboda zinariya tana da babban nauyi.
Kayan aiki na yau da kullun:
– Akwatin marufi (wanda aka saba da shi akan ƙaramin sikelin/plaser).
– Mai tattarawa ta karkace.
– Teburin girgiza.
– Mai tattarawa na Knelson ko kuma mai tattarawa na Falcon (mai tattarawa na centrifugal).
Fa'idodin hanyar nauyi sune sauƙinta, ƙarancin kuɗin aiki, da kuma rashin dogaro da sinadarai. Rashin ingancinta sun haɗa da rashin ingancinta ga zinare mai kyau ko zinare da aka haɗa a cikin ma'adanai na sulfide.
4. Tafki: Ma'adanai Masu ɗauke da Zinare
Ga ma'adanai na sulfide, sau da yawa ana danganta zinare da pyrite, chalcopyrite, ko arsenopyrite. A waɗannan lokutan, ana iya amfani da flotation don samar da tarin sulfide mai inganci, wanda ke rage yawan kayan da ke buƙatar ƙarin sarrafawa.
Ka'idar flotation:
– Ana yin ƙwayoyin ma'adinai masu hana ruwa shiga ta hanyar amfani da masu tarawa (misali xanthate).
– Ana hura iska ta yadda ma'adanai masu kama da hydrophobic za su manne a kan kumfa sannan su yi iyo a matsayin kumfa (maida hankali).
– Sauran ma'adanai suna nan a cikin ɓawon burodi a matsayin wutsiya.
Ana ƙara sarrafa samfuran flotation (masu tattarawa) ta hanyar cirewa ko kuma hanyoyin iskar shaka (musamman ga ma'adanai masu hana ruwa gudu).
5. Zubar da Zinare: Zinare Mai Narkewa ta Sinadarai
Ruwan leaching shine zuciyar masana'antar zinare ta zamani da yawa. Ana narkar da zinare mai 'yanci zuwa wani abu mai narkewa sannan a dawo da shi.
a) Tsarkakewa
Hanyar da aka fi amfani da ita a masana'antu ita ce amfani da sinadarin cyanide, domin yana da tasiri kuma yana da zaɓi ga ma'adanai da yawa. Zinare yana samar da hadaddun sinadarai masu narkewa a cikin maganin cyanide a ƙarƙashin yanayin pH na alkaline da kasancewar iskar oxygen.
Saiti guda biyu gama gari:
– CIL (Carbon-in-Leach): Ana sanya carbon da aka kunna kai tsaye a cikin tankin leaking don shan zinare da aka narkar.
– CIP (Carbon-in-Pulp): Ana fara yin leaching, sannan a yi carbonization a mataki na gaba.
Ribobi: farfadowa mai kyau akan ma'adanai masu dacewa kuma an tabbatar da su akan babban sikelin.
Kalubale: yana buƙatar cikakken iko kan sigogin tsari da kuma kula da sharar gida lafiya.
b) Zubar da tarin tarin
Don ƙarancin inganci da kuma ƙarancin ma'adinai, ana amfani da leaching mai yawa:
– Ana niƙa ma'adinan, wani lokacin ana haɗa shi, sannan a ɗora shi a kan wani madauri da aka rufe.
– Ana zuba ruwan da ke zubar da ruwa daga sama.
– Ana tattara maganin da ke cikin ciki a ƙasa kuma a sarrafa shi don dawo da zinaren.
Wannan hanyar tana da ƙarancin kuɗaɗen jari fiye da masana'antun CIL/CIP, amma yawanci tana da jinkiri kuma farfadowa na iya zama ƙasa da haka.
c) Madadin da ba na Cyanide ba (Ya danganta da yuwuwar amfani)
Wasu madadin da aka yi bincike/aiki an iyakance su:
- Ruwan Thiosulfate (yiwuwar yin amfani da ma'adinan da aka yi amfani da su wajen yin sata).
– Hana fitar da sinadarin Halide (chloride/bromide a wasu yanayi).
Duk da haka, gabaɗaya amfani da shi yana buƙatar ƙarin tsarin sarrafawa mai rikitarwa kuma ba abu ne da aka saba gani ba kamar cyanidation ga ma'adanai da yawa.
6. Sarrafa Ma'adinai Mai Rashin Ƙarfi: Haɗakar Iska Kafin Zubar Ruwa
Ma'adanai masu hana ruwa gudu sune ma'adanai da zinare ke "kulle" a cikin ma'adanai na sulfide ko kuma wani takamaiman matrix ya toshe su, wanda hakan ke sa cyanide ya yi tasiri ba tare da an riga an yi masa magani ba. Hanyoyin da ake bi kafin a yi magani sun haɗa da:
1) Gasawa
Ana haɗa sinadarin sulfides a yanayin zafi mai yawa, wanda hakan ke sa zinaren ya fi fallasa. Ana buƙatar sarrafa fitar da hayaki (misali, SO₂/As).
2) Maganin iskar shaka (POX)
Iskar oxygen a cikin wani matsi mai dauke da iskar oxygen. Farfadowa na iya zama mai yawa, amma farashin jari yana da yawa.
3) Bio-oxydation (BIOX)
Amfani da ƙwayoyin cuta don oxidize sulfides a ƙarƙashin yanayi mai kyau. Yana da "sanyi" fiye da gasawa, amma yana buƙatar lokacin sarrafawa da sarrafa bioreactors.
Bayan an riga an yi amfani da iskar oxygen, ana tace ma'adinin/ma'adinin (yawanci ana amfani da cyanide) don narkar da zinaren.
7. Mayar da Zinare daga Maganin: Carbon da aka kunna, Resin, da Ruwan sama
Da zarar zinaren ya narke, mataki na gaba shine a cire shi daga ruwan.
– Shaƙar carbon mai kunnawa (CIP/CIL): Carbon yana shaƙar da hadaddun zinare. Sannan ana cire carbon ɗin ta amfani da wani bayani na musamman don fitar da zinaren.
– Resin-in-Pulp (RIP): Resin musayar ion yana maye gurbin carbon a wasu yanayi, wani lokacin yana da juriya ga gurɓatawa.
– Ruwan Zinc (Merrill–Crowe): ruwan da ke cikinsa yana bayyana kuma yana cire iskar oxygen, sannan a zuba zinaren ta amfani da garin zinc. Wannan hanyar ta dace da ruwan da ke da tsafta.
Sakamakon ƙarshe yawanci shine laka/ma'adinai wanda daga nan ake narkar da shi ya zama doré (ƙarfe na azurfa da zinare) kafin a ƙara tace shi.
8. Narkewa da Tsaftacewa
Ana busar da samfurin da aka samo (misali, elution precipitate ko Merrill-Crowe) sannan a narke ta amfani da flux don samar da doré bar. Sannan ana tsarkake doré a cikin matatar ta hanyar:
- Tsarin electrolysis (misali Wohlwill don zinariya mai tsarki).
– Tsarin Miller (ta amfani da chlorine don raba wasu ƙazanta).
Tace kayan yana samar da zinare mai inganci (misali 99,99%) bisa ga ƙa'idodin ciniki.
9. Gudanar da Tailings, Tsarin Ruwa, da Bangarorin Muhalli
Sarrafa zinare koyaushe yana samar da wutsiya (sauran daskararru) da kuma sarrafa ruwa, wanda dole ne a sarrafa shi lafiya. Ayyukan da aka saba yi sun haɗa da:
- Kauri da adana wutsiyoyin a cikin TSF (wurin adana wutsiyoyin) tare da ƙirar ƙasa.
– Sake sarrafa ruwa don rage yawan amfani da ruwa.
– Rage sinadarin sinadarai masu guba (misali rage sinadarin cyanide ta hanyar wasu hanyoyin hada sinadarai idan ya cancanta).
– Kula da ingancin ruwa, daidaiton madatsun ruwa, da tsare-tsaren rufe ma'adinai.
Bangarorin Lafiya da Tsaron Aiki (K3) suma suna da mahimmanci: amfani da sinadaran reagents, sarrafa ƙura, hana fallasa ga abubuwa masu haɗari, da kuma hanyoyin gaggawa dole ne su kasance ɓangare na tsarin aiki.
10. Kesimpulan
Dabaru da hanyoyin sarrafa zinare daga ma'adinai sun dogara sosai akan nau'in ma'adinan, girman 'yanci, da halayen ma'adanai. Hanyoyin aiwatarwa na yau da kullun sun haɗa da niƙa da niƙa, yawan nauyi da/ko flotation, leaching (sau da yawa cyanidation a cikin CIL/CIP ko heap leach), dawo da zinare daga ruwan da aka tace, sannan narkewa da tacewa. Ga ma'adinan da ba su da ƙarfi, ana buƙatar matakan kafin oxidation kamar gasawa, POX, ko bio-oxidation don cire zinaren yadda ya kamata. Fiye da komai, nasarar sarrafa zinare ta zamani kuma ana tantance ta ta hanyar aiwatar da tsauraran matakan sarrafawa, wutsiya masu alhakin da kuma kula da ruwa, da kuma jajircewa ga amincin aiki da kare muhalli.
Idan kuna so, zan iya daidaita wannan labarin zuwa ga yanayin sikelin masana'antu (tare da takaddun bayanai da sigogi na gabaɗaya), ko zuwa ƙaramin/matsakaici sikelin (mai da hankali kan yawan nauyi da ayyukan aiki na asali) don dacewa da buƙatunku.
