Fasahar Sarrafa Kifin Daskararre
A matsayinta na ƙasar da ke da ruwa, Indonesiya tana da babban ƙarfin kamun kifi. Duk da haka, wannan damar za a yi amfani da ita sosai idan aka tallafa mata da fasahar sarrafa kifi wadda za ta iya kula da ingancin kifin tun daga lokacin da aka kama shi har sai ya isa ga masu amfani da shi. Ɗaya daga cikin mahimman fasahohin da aka fi amfani da su a fannin sarrafa kifi shine sarrafa kifi daskararre. Daskararwa ba wai kawai "mai sanyaya rai ba ne," amma tsari ne na zamani wanda ke da nufin rage lalacewar halittu, sinadarai, da ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin kifin. Tare da ingantaccen sarrafawa, kifin daskararre zai iya kiyaye ingancin abinci mai gina jiki, laushi, launi, da ɗanɗano kusa da na kifin sabo.
Ka'idojin asali na daskarewar kifi
Kifi abinci ne mai matuƙar lalacewa saboda yawan ruwan da ke cikinsa, aikin enzymes, da kuma kitsen da ke iya lalacewa. Daskarewa yana aiki ta hanyar rage zafin jiki har sai ruwan da ke cikin kifin ya koma lu'ulu'u na kankara. Lokacin da ruwan ya "kulle" a cikin siffar kankara, ayyukan ƙwayoyin cuta na lalacewa suna raguwa sosai kuma halayen enzymatic suna raguwa. Duk da haka, daskarewa ba ya kashe dukkan ƙwayoyin cuta; yana hana ci gaban su ne kawai. Saboda haka, tsafta (tsabta) da kuma kulawa ta farko sun kasance suna tantance abubuwan da ke cikin ingancin ƙarshe.
Saurin daskarewa yana tasiri sosai ga inganci. Daskarewa cikin sauri yana haifar da ƙananan lu'ulu'u na kankara, wanda ya fi rarraba daidai gwargwado, wanda ke haifar da ƙarancin lalacewa ga kyallen kifi. Akasin haka, daskarewa a hankali yana samar da manyan lu'ulu'u na kankara waɗanda za su iya fashewa tsarin ƙwayoyin halitta, wanda ke haifar da rashin laushi da asarar ruwa (rashin digo) lokacin narkewa.
Matakan sarrafa kifi daskararre
Fasahar sarrafa kifi daskararre gabaɗaya tana ƙunshe da jerin matakai masu alaƙa. Jerin da cikakkun bayanai na tsarin na iya bambanta dangane da nau'in kifi da sifar samfurin (cikakke, fillet, steak, ko processed), amma gabaɗaya sun haɗa da:
1. Rasidin kayan aiki
Ya kamata a duba kifin don ganin sabo, girma, yanayin jiki, ƙamshi, launin kifin, da zafinsa. Ya kamata kifin ya kasance cikin sarkar sanyi tun lokacin da ya hau jirgin. Da zarar an kama kifin, ingancinsa zai fi kyau idan ya daskare.
2. Wankewa da rarrabawa
Ana yin wanka ne domin cire majina, datti, jini, da ƙwayoyin cuta a saman fata. Ana yin rarrabawa bisa ga girma da inganci domin tabbatar da cewa an yi daskare iri ɗaya.
3. Cire ciyawa (fitar da ciyawa) da yankewa
Ga kayayyaki da yawa, ana buƙatar cire hanji don rage gurɓatawa da wari. Ana iya sarrafa samfurin zuwa kifaye marasa kai, fillets, ko guntu gwargwadon buƙatar kasuwa.
4. Maganin daskarewa kafin daskarewa
Wasu masana'antu suna amfani da jiƙa a cikin takamaiman maganin (misali, ruwan kankara, ruwan gishiri mai laushi, ko abubuwan da aka yarda) don taimakawa wajen adana launi, rage iskar shaka, ko inganta ƙarfin riƙe ruwa. Wannan matakin dole ne ya bi ƙa'idodin amincin abinci masu dacewa.
5. Daskarewa
Wannan shine ginshiƙin tsarin. Zafin zafin da aka yi niyya a cikin kayan da aka yi niyya yawanci yana kusa da -18°C ko ƙasa da haka, ya danganta da ƙa'idodin kamfani da manufofin ajiya.
6. Marufi da lakabi
Marufi yana da nufin kare kifi daga iskar oxygen, gurɓatawa, da bushewar ƙasa. Lakabi yana ɗauke da muhimman bayanai kamar nau'in samfurin, nauyi, ranar da aka samar, da lambar wurin da za a iya gano shi.
7. Ajiya da rarrabawa da sanyi
Ana adana kayayyaki a cikin wurin ajiye kaya a cikin sanyi kuma ana rarraba su ta amfani da motocin da aka sanyaya a cikin firiji. Daidaiton zafin jiki shine mabuɗin tabbatar da inganci ba ya lalacewa yayin jigilar kaya.
Hanyoyi da kayan aiki na daskarewa
An ƙirƙiro hanyoyi daban-daban na daskarewa don dacewa da ƙarfin samarwa, siffar samfura, da kuma kuɗin aiki.
1. Injin daskarewa na iska (ABF)
Wannan hanyar tana amfani da iska mai sanyi sosai tare da kwararar iska mai ƙarfi. Ana amfani da ABF sosai saboda yana da sassauƙa ga girman samfura daban-daban, yana da babban ƙarfin aiki, kuma ya dace da samar da kayayyaki a masana'antu. Rashin kyawunsa shine idan ba a yi marufi yadda ya kamata ba, samfurin zai iya fuskantar bushewar ƙasa, wanda zai iya haifar da "ƙonewar daskarewa."
2. Firjiyar Faranti
Firji na faranti suna amfani da faranti na ƙarfe masu sanyaya waɗanda ke manne da samfurin, wanda ke ba da damar zafi ya wuce cikin sauri ta hanyar hulɗa kai tsaye. Sun dace da samfuran da ke da siffar bulo ko fakiti iri ɗaya. Fa'idodin sun haɗa da daskarewa cikin sauri da inganci da kuma samfurin da ya fi daidaito. Duk da haka, wannan hanyar ba ta da sassauƙa ga siffofi marasa daidaito.
3. Daskarewa Mai Sauri Na Mutum (IQF)
IQF tana daskarar da guda na kifi daban-daban don hana su mannewa. Ana amfani da shi sosai ga ƙananan fillets, yankewa, ko samfuran da aka ƙara daraja. IQF tana samar da inganci mai kyau saboda daskarewarta cikin sauri, yana bawa masu amfani damar ɗaukar abin da suke buƙata cikin sauƙi (ba tare da sun narke komai ba), da kuma rage lalacewa yayin sarrafawa.
4. Daskarewa Mai Tsami
Wannan hanyar tana amfani da ruwa nitrogen (LN2) ko carbon dioxide (CO2) don daskarewa cikin sauri. Tana samar da kyakkyawan kariya daga rubutu, amma a farashi mai girma. Yawanci ana amfani da ita don samfuran da suka fi tsada ko kuma lokacin da ake buƙatar babban gudu.
Gilashi: kariyar saman kifin daskararre
Gilashin gilashi shine shafa saman kifin da aka daskarewa da siririn kankara ta hanyar nutsarwa ko fesa shi da ruwan sanyi mai tsafta. Manufar ita ce rage iskar da ke shiga cikin kitse, hana bushewar ruwa, da kuma kare saman daga ƙonewar injin daskarewa. Dole ne a sarrafa gilashin gilashi mai yawa, domin zai iya shafar nauyi da adalci a ciniki. A kasuwanni da yawa, ana tsara kason gilashin gilashi kuma dole ne a bayyana shi a sarari.
Kalubalen Inganci: Rashin furotin da kuma iskar shaka a cikin kitse
Duk da cewa daskarewa yana tsawaita lokacin da za a ajiye kifin, amma har yanzu kifin da aka daskare yana iya fuskantar lalacewar inganci yayin ajiya. Manyan matsaloli guda biyu sune:
– Rashin samar da furotin: canje-canje a tsarin furotin na iya rage sassauci da karfin riƙe ruwa, wanda ke haifar da bushewa ko rugujewa bayan narkewar. Canjin yanayin zafi a cikin injin daskarewa yana ƙara ta'azzara wannan matsalar.
– Iskar da ke cikin kitse: A cikin kifin mai kitse kamar tuna, mackerel, ko salmon, iskar da ke cikin kifin na iya haifar da ƙamshi mai ƙarfi. Marufi mai ƙarfi, gilashin da ya dace, da kuma ajiyar da ke da ƙarfi a ƙananan yanayin zafi suna taimakawa wajen rage iskar da ke cikin kitse.
Sarkar sanyi a matsayin abin da zai tabbatar da nasara
Nasarar sarrafa kifin daskararre ba ta tsaya a masana'antar ba. Dole ne a kiyaye sarkar sanyi daga jirgin kamun kifi, wurin gwanjo, masana'anta, wurin adana sanyi, rarrabawa, da kuma sayar da shi. Karya sarkar sanyi na iya haifar da tsarin "narkewa-sake daskarewa", wanda ke lalata laushi, yana ƙara asarar digo, kuma yana ƙara haɗarin haɓakar ƙwayoyin cuta a lokacin narkewar.
Domin kiyaye tsarin sanyi, ana buƙatar sa ido kan yanayin zafi ta amfani da na'urorin tattara bayanai ko tsarin sa ido na lokaci-lokaci, hanyoyin lodawa da sauke kaya cikin sauri, da kuma horar da ma'aikata kan tsafta da sarrafa kayayyakin daskararre.
Ma'aunin tsaron abinci da ayyukan masana'antu
Masana'antar kifin da aka daskarewa gabaɗaya tana aiwatar da tsarin kula da lafiyar abinci kamar GMP (Kyakkyawan Ayyukan Masana'antu), SSOP (Tsarin Aiki na Tsabta), da HACCP (Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point). HACCP yana da mahimmanci don gano mahimman wurare, kamar zafin daskarewa, tsaftar ruwan wanke-wanke, gurɓataccen gurɓatawa daga kayan aiki, da zafin ajiya mai daskarewa. Bugu da ƙari, ganowa daga kayan aiki zuwa samfurin ƙarshe muhimmin buƙata ne, musamman ga kasuwannin fitarwa.
Kirkire-kirkire da abubuwan da ke faruwa a nan gaba
Fasahar sarrafa kifi daskararre tana ci gaba da bunƙasa. Akwai wasu sabbin abubuwa da suka shafi amfani da na'urar sanyaya iska da aka gyara a yanayi, sa ido kan yanayin zafi bisa ga IoT, ingancin makamashi a tsarin sanyaya iska, da kuma amfani da kayayyakin da aka cire (kashi, fata, da kai) don ƙara darajar tattalin arziki da rage sharar gida. Bugu da ƙari, buƙatar masu amfani da kayayyaki da aka riga aka dafa da kuma waɗanda aka riga aka ci suna haifar da ƙirƙira a cikin tsarin samfura da kuma tsarin daskarewa mai sauri da tsafta.
Penutup
Fasahar sarrafa kifi daskararre muhimmiyar hanya ce ta kiyaye ingancin kayayyakin kamun kifi, faɗaɗa isa ga kasuwa, da kuma rage asarar da aka samu bayan girbi. Mabuɗin samun nasara yana cikin sabo da kayan da aka samar, daskarewa cikin sauri da daidaito, marufi mai kariya, da kuma sarkar sanyi mara katsewa. Ta hanyar aiwatar da ƙa'idodin tsafta da tsarin kiyaye abinci mai kyau, kifin daskararre zai iya zama ingantaccen samfuri wanda yake da aminci, gina jiki, kuma yana ba da babban darajar tattalin arziki ga masana'antar kamun kifi ta Indonesiya.
