Tsarin Tsaye na Yanayi da Tasirinsa ga Yanayi
Yanayin Duniya ba wani yanki ne na iska iri ɗaya ba. Ya ƙunshi layukan tsaye, kowannensu yana da nasa halaye na zafin jiki, matsin lamba, da kuma abubuwan da ke ciki. Waɗannan bambance-bambancen suna ƙayyade yadda gajimare ke samuwa, yadda iska ke motsawa, da kuma dalilin da yasa yanayi zai iya canzawa da sauri a wani yanki yayin da yake kasancewa cikin kwanciyar hankali a wani yanki. Fahimtar tsarin tsaye na sararin samaniya yana taimaka mana mu bayyana hanyoyin yanayi na yau da kullun - daga ruwan sama da tsawa zuwa hazo da raƙuman zafi - fiye da kimiyya.
Yanayi a matsayin tsarin da aka tsara
Gabaɗaya, tsarin yanayi a tsaye yana raba bisa ga canjin zafin jiki tare da tsayi (ƙimar raguwa ko ƙaruwa a zafin jiki). Wannan rarrabuwar tana samar da manyan layuka guda huɗu: troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, da thermosphere. Tsakanin waɗannan layukan akwai iyakokin canji da ake kira tropopause, stratopause, da mesopause. Kodayake yanayi yana faruwa galibi a cikin ƙananan layukan, layukan da ke sama da su kuma suna tasiri ga kwanciyar hankali na yanayi da kuma manyan hanyoyin zagayawa iska.
Baya ga zafin jiki, matsin lamba na iska yana canzawa cikin tsari. Yayin da tsayi ke ƙaruwa, matsin lamba na iska da yawanta suna raguwa. Wannan yana da mahimmanci saboda siririn iska a wurare mafi girma yana da ƙarancin ƙarfin riƙe tururin ruwa da zafi, yana shafar samuwar gajimare da ƙarfin haɓakawa (convection).
Troposphere: "tsakiyar matakin" yanayi
Troposphere shine mafi ƙasƙanci Layer, wanda ya miƙe daga saman Duniya zuwa zurfin kusan kilomita 8-18, ya danganta da latitude (ya fi kauri a wurare masu zafi kuma ya fi siriri a sandunan). Nan ne yawancin iskar sararin samaniya da kusan dukkan tururin ruwanta suke. Saboda haka, abubuwan da ke faruwa a yanayi - gajimare, ruwan sama, iskar saman, guguwa - galibi suna faruwa a cikin troposphere.
Babban siffa ta troposphere ita ce zafin jiki yana raguwa da tsayi. Wannan raguwar yana faruwa ne saboda tushen zafi na sararin samaniya yana fitowa ne daga saman Duniya, wanda ke shan hasken rana sannan ya dumama iskar da ke sama da ita. Matsakaicin ƙimar raguwar zafin jiki a cikin troposphere shine kimanin 6,5°C a kowace kilomita, kodayake wannan na iya bambanta dangane da yanayin danshi da yanayin iska.
Ta yaya troposphere ke shafar yanayi?
1. Tsarin haɗakar girgije da kuma haɗakar ruwa
Idan aka yi zafi da iskar da ke kusa da saman, sai ta yi haske ta kuma tashi. Yayin da take tashi, iskar tana faɗaɗa ta kuma yi sanyi. Idan ta huce zuwa inda raɓa take, tururin ruwa yana taruwa zuwa ɗigon gajimare. Wannan tsari shine tushen samuwar gajimare na cumulus, tsawa, da ruwan sama mai ratsawa, waɗanda suka zama ruwan dare a yankunan zafi.
2. Daidaiton yanayi
Yanayi yana da matuƙar tasiri ga ko yanayin "tsayawa" ne ko "maras tabbas." Idan iskar da ke sama ta fi iskar da ke ƙasa zafi (ko kuma zafin ya ragu kaɗan tare da tsayi), iskar tana da wahalar tashi, wanda ke haifar da yanayi mai haske da ƙarancin samuwar gajimare. Akasin haka, idan iskar da ke sama ta fi sanyi, iskar ƙasa tana tashi cikin sauƙi, wanda ke haifar da samuwar gajimare masu kauri da guguwa.
3. Gabannin tsakiyar latitude da guguwa
A yankunan da ke ƙarƙashin zafi zuwa tsakiyar latitude, haɗuwar iska mai dumi da sanyi tana samar da gaba. Gaba yana haifar da tururin iska mai ƙarfi, yana haifar da gajimare masu yawa da ruwan sama mai tsawo. Tsarin guguwa mai yawa daga wurare masu zafi suna tasowa daga waɗannan yanayin gaba.
Tropopause: "murfi" don haɓakar gajimare
A saman troposphere akwai tropopause, wani yanki na canzawa wanda ke nuna ƙarshen raguwar zafin jiki. Tropopause yana da ƙarfi sosai kuma yana aiki kamar shinge, yana iyakance girman girgije a tsaye. Girgije masu ƙarfi (cumulonimbus) na iya turawa sama da tropopause kuma ya bazu a kwance, yana samar da mazugi. Tsawon tropopause - wanda ya fi girma a wurare masu zafi - shi ma yana shafar yiwuwar guguwa mai manyan saman girgije.
Stratosphere: wani tsari mai karko wanda ke tasiri ga yanayin iska
Sama da tropopause akwai stratosphere, kimanin kilomita 10-50. Ba kamar troposphere ba, a cikin stratosphere, zafin jiki yana ƙaruwa tare da tsayi. Wannan ƙaruwar zafin jiki galibi yana faruwa ne saboda shan hasken ultraviolet ta hanyar ozone, shi ya sa ake kiran stratosphere a matsayin "gida" na layer ozone.
Tsarin sararin samaniya ya fi kwanciyar hankali saboda iska mai dumi tana saman iska mai sanyi (yanayin da ke hana fitar iska). Saboda haka, gajimare da hayaniya ba su da yawa, kuma motsin iska yana da santsi.
Tasirin stratosphere akan yanayi
Ko da yake yanayi ba ya faruwa a cikin stratosphere, wannan Layer yana shafar yanayi ta hanyar:
1. Jet streams da kuma manyan zagayawar ruwa
Kusa da iyakar troposphere-stratosphere, akwai kwararar iska mai ƙarfi kamar rafukan jet waɗanda ke taka rawa wajen jagorantar hanyoyin guguwa, yin tasiri ga yanayin ruwan sama, da kuma tantance saurin motsi na tsarin ƙarancin/matsi mai yawa.
2. Matsalolin Stratospheric (misali ɗumamar stratosphere kwatsam)
Manyan canje-canje a cikin stratosphere na iya "shiga" cikin troposphere, suna canza yanayin iska da kuma yin tasiri ga yanayin hunturu a wasu yankuna masu tsayi. Wannan yana nuna cewa sararin sama na iya canza yanayin yanayi a ƙasa ta hanyar yanayin yanayi mai alaƙa.
Mesosphere: yankin da ke da sanyi sosai
Mesosphere yana fitowa daga tsayin kusan kilomita 50-85. A cikin wannan Layer, yanayin zafi yana raguwa kuma yana iya yin ƙasa sosai. Mesosphere yana da mahimmanci don ƙone ƙananan taurari, amma tasirinsa kai tsaye akan yanayin saman ƙasa ƙarami ne. Duk da haka, har yanzu yana da mahimmanci a cikin tsarin yanayi, yana tasiri yaduwar raƙuman yanayi da tasirin kuzari a sikelin duniya.
Thermosphere: zafi saboda hasken wutar lantarki mai ƙarfi
A saman mesosphere akwai thermosphere (kimanin kilomita 85 sama), inda zafin jiki ke ƙaruwa sosai saboda shan hasken rana mai ƙarfi. Duk da yanayin zafi mai "tsawo", yawan iska yana da ƙasa sosai har ba a jin zafi sosai kamar yadda yake a saman Duniya. Thermosphere yana da alaƙa da abubuwan da suka faru kamar auroras da sadarwa ta rediyo fiye da yanayin yau da kullun, amma ayyukan rana na iya haifar da canje-canje a cikin ionosphere wanda ke shafar tsarin sadarwa da kewayawa.
Alaƙa a tsaye: me yasa bayanan zafin jiki suke da mahimmanci?
Yanayi a zahiri sakamakon hulɗar da ke tsakanin makamashin rana, tururin ruwa, da kuma motsin iska. Yanayin zafin jiki a tsaye yana ƙayyade ko iska tana tashi ko faɗuwa. Lokacin da iska ke tashi cikin sauƙi, gajimare yana kauri, ƙarfin ruwan sama yana ƙaruwa, kuma haɗarin tsawa yana ƙaruwa. Lokacin da iska ke ƙoƙarin tashi, juyawa, ko kwanciyar hankali mai yawa, yana tasowa, wanda zai iya sa hazo ya daɗe, ya kama gurɓatawa, kuma ya sa kwanaki su ji zafi.
Misali bayyananne shine juyewar zafin jiki a cikin ƙananan yanayin zafi, inda yanayin zafi ke ƙaruwa tare da tsayi kusa da saman. Juyewar yanayi sau da yawa yana faruwa a cikin dare mai haske ko a cikin kwari, wanda ke hana haɗuwar iska. Sakamakon haka, hazo da gurɓatawa na iya daɗe. Juyewar yanayi kuma na iya sa yanayi ya bayyana a sarari amma ingancin iska yana raguwa.
Kammalawa
Tsarin sararin samaniya a tsaye yana samar da "tsarin" da yanayi ke faruwa a ciki. Troposphere shine babban fagen samuwar girgije, ruwan sama, da guguwa saboda yana da wadataccen tururin ruwa kuma yana fuskantar raguwar zafin jiki tare da tsayi. Tropopause yana aiki a matsayin iyaka mai ƙarfi wanda ke iyakance girman girgije, yayin da stratosphere mai ƙarfi kuma yana tasiri kan hanyoyin guguwa ta hanyar rafin jet da manyan yanayin aiki. Layukan da ke sama - mesosphere da thermosphere - ba su da tasiri kai tsaye akan yanayin saman amma har yanzu suna cikin tsarin yanayi na duniya wanda ke daidaita rarraba makamashi da raƙuman ruwa.
Ta hanyar fahimtar yanayin sararin samaniya da halayensu, za mu iya fahimtar dalilin da yasa yanayi ke da ƙarfi sosai, dalilin da yasa guguwa ke faruwa a wasu yanayi, da kuma yadda canje-canje a cikin sararin samaniya na sama zai iya shafar saman Duniya. Wannan ilimin yana da mahimmanci ba kawai ga ilimin yanayi ba har ma don tsara ayyukan ɗan adam - noma, jiragen sama, rage bala'i, da kuma daidaitawa da sauyin yanayi.
