Yadda Ake Ƙayyade Yanayin Bayanai
A cikin kididdigar asali, yanayin yana auna yanayin tsakiya, tare da matsakaicin da matsakaici. Sau da yawa ana amfani da yanayin saboda yana da sauƙin fahimta da kuma lissafi cikin sauri, musamman lokacin da muke son nemo ƙimar da ta fi faruwa a cikin saitin bayanai. A rayuwar yau da kullun, ana iya amfani da manufar yanayin don tantance girman suturar da aka fi saya, nau'in abin hawa da aka fi amfani da shi, mafi girman maki na gwaji, har ma da samfurin da ya fi shahara. Wannan labarin ya tattauna dalla-dalla yadda ake tantance yanayin don nau'ikan bayanai daban-daban: bayanai ɗaya, bayanai masu rukuni, da yanayi na musamman kamar bayanan bimodal da multimodal.
Yanayin Fahimta
Yanayin shine ƙimar bayanai mai mafi girman mita, ma'ana yana bayyana akai-akai fiye da sauran ƙimomin. Yanayin ya dace da bayanai na adadi (lamba) da na inganci (na rukuni), kamar launukan da aka fi so ko nau'ikan abinci da aka fi zaɓa.
Misali mai sauƙi:
Bayanai: 2, 3, 3, 4, 5
Ƙimar da ta fi bayyana akai-akai ita ce 3 (ta bayyana sau biyu), don haka yanayin = 3.
Duk da haka, ba duk bayanai ke da yanayi ba. Wasu bayanai suna da dukkan dabi'u suna bayyana daidai gwargwado akai-akai, don haka babu yanayi. Bugu da ƙari, wasu bayanai suna da yanayi fiye da ɗaya.
Nau'ikan Yanayi
Kafin shiga matakan lissafi, yana da mahimmanci a fahimci bambance-bambancen hanyoyin:
1. Unimodal: ƙima ɗaya kawai ke bayyana akai-akai (yanayi ɗaya).
2. Bimodal: akwai dabi'u guda biyu da duka suka fi bayyana akai-akai.
3. Multimodal: akwai fiye da dabi'u biyu da suka fi bayyana akai-akai.
4. Ba shi da yanayi: duk dabi'u suna bayyana da mita ɗaya.
Fahimtar waɗannan nau'ikan yanayi yana taimaka mana mu fassara bayanai daidai.
Yadda Ake Ƙayyade Yanayin Bayanai Guda Ɗaya
Bayanai ɗaya bayanai ne da aka rubuta kamar yadda yake, ba a haɗa su cikin tazara ba. Matakan neman yanayin bayanai ɗaya suna da sauƙi sosai:
Matakai:
1. Shirya bayanai (zaɓi) daga ƙarami zuwa babba don sauƙaƙa lura da su.
2. Ƙidaya yawan faruwar kowace ƙima.
3. Ƙayyade ƙimar da mafi girman mita a matsayin yanayin.
Misali:
Bayanan sakamakon gwaji: 70, 80, 75, 80, 90, 80, 85, 75
Mita:
– 70: Sau 1
– 75: Sau 2
– 80: Sau 3
– 85: Sau 1
– 90: Sau 1
Domin kuwa 80 ya fi bayyana (sau 3), yanayin = 80.
Misali na Bimodal:
Bayanai: 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 4
Mita 2 da 3 duka sune mafi girma (sau 2), don haka yanayin = 2 da 3 (bimodal).
Misali Ba Tare da Yanayi ba:
Bayanai: 5, 6, 7, 8
Duk dabi'u suna bayyana sau ɗaya. Saboda haka, bayanan ba su da yanayin aiki.
Yadda Ake Ƙayyade Yanayin da ke cikin Bayanan Rukuni
A aikace, ana taƙaita adadi mai yawa na bayanai zuwa cikin bayanai da aka haɗa a cikin nau'in teburin rarraba mita, wato, an haɗa bayanai zuwa tazara ajin (misali, 60–69, 70–79, da sauransu). A cikin bayanan da aka haɗa, ba za a iya ɗaukar yanayin kai tsaye daga takamaiman lamba ba, amma ana ƙayyade shi ta hanyar ajin yanayin kuma ana iya kimanta shi ta amfani da dabara.
1. Ƙayyade Ajin Yanayin
Ajin yanayi shine tazara ajin da ke da mafi girman mita.
Teburin misali:
| Tazarar Darajar | Mita |
|—|—:|
| 40–49 | 3 |
| 50–59 | 6 |
| 60–69 | 10 |
| 70–79 | 8 |
| 80–89 | 5 |
Mafi girman mita shine 10 a cikin tazara ta 60-69, don haka yanayin aji = 60-69.
2. Lissafin Yanayin da Tsarin Bayanan da aka Rukuni
Tsarin da ake amfani da shi wajen tattara bayanai a cikin rukuni:
\[
Mo = L + \left(\frac{d_1}{d_1 + d_2}\right)\times p
\]
Bayani:
– Mo = yanayi (ƙimar yanayin da aka kiyasta)
– L = ƙananan gefen yanayin aji
– p = tsawon aji (faɗin tazara)
– d₁ = mitar ajin yanayi − mitar ajin da ya gabata
– d₂ = mitar ajin yanayi − mitar ajin na gaba
Misalin Lissafi:
Daga teburin da ya gabata:
– Ajin yanayi: 60–69, mita = 10
– Aji na baya: 50–59, mita = 6
– Aji na gaba: 70–79, mita = 8
Bayyana abubuwan da aka haɗa:
– L = ƙarancin iyaka na yanayin aji = 59,5 (tunda ƙananan iyaka shine 60, ƙananan iyaka = 59,5)
– p = 10
– d₁ = 10 − 6 = 4
– d₂ = 10 − 8 = 2
Shigar da dabarar:
\[
Mo = 59,5 + \left(\frac{4}{4+2}\right)\sau 10
\]
\[
Mo = 59,5 + \left(\frac{4}{6}\right)\sau 10
\]
\[
Mo = 59,5 + 6,67 = 66,17
\]
Don haka, yanayin bayanan da aka tattara shine ≈ 66,17. Wannan kimantawa ce ta ƙimar yanayin a cikin tazara ta 60–69.
Kurakuran da Aka Fi Sani Lokacin Neman Yanayi
Duk da cewa yanayin yana da sauƙi, akwai kurakurai da yawa da ake yawan samu:
1. Ka ɗauka cewa yanayin yana wanzuwa koyaushe
Duk da haka, bayanan bazai sami ƙimar da ake yawan samu ba.
2. Rashin ƙididdige mitar a hankali
A cikin bayanai guda ɗaya, yin kuskuren lissafin mita yana haifar da yanayin da ba daidai ba.
3. Kuskuren tantance yanayin aji
A cikin bayanan da aka haɗa, ajin yanayin dole ne ya zama wanda ke da mafi girman mita.
4. Ba a tantance gefen ƙasa da tsawon ajin daidai ba
A cikin dabarar yanayin bayanai da aka haɗa, ƙananan iyaka (L) ba shine ƙayyadadden iyaka na yau da kullun ba, amma a maimakon haka ƙananan iyaka na ajin (misali 59,5 don aji 60–69).
Yaushe Yanayin Ya Fi Dacewa Don Amfani?
Yanayin yana da matukar amfani idan:
– Bayanai a cikin nau'ikan rukuni (misali alama, launi, nau'in abu).
– Muna son sanin mafi shaharar zaɓuɓɓuka.
- Bayanan suna da ƙima mai yawa waɗanda zasu iya ɓatar da matsakaicin.
– Rarraba bayanai ba ta da daidaito kuma matsakaicin/matsakaicin ba shi da wakilci sosai.
Misali, idan mutane 10 suna da kuɗin shiga mai yawa, matsakaicin zai iya "tura" sama. A irin waɗannan yanayi, yanayin zai iya samar da hoton kuɗin shiga mafi girma.
Penutup
Ƙayyade yanayin bayanai wata fasaha ce ta ƙididdiga mai amfani ga bincike mai sauƙi da yanke shawara. Ga saitin bayanai guda ɗaya, ana samun yanayin ta hanyar duba ƙimar da ta fi faruwa akai-akai. Ga saitin bayanai da aka haɗa a rukuni, ana ƙayyade yanayin daga aji mai mafi girman mita kuma ana iya ƙididdige shi ta amfani da dabara don samun ƙididdigewa mafi daidaito. Ta hanyar fahimtar matakan, za ku iya sarrafa bayanai cikin sauri da kuma cire muhimman bayanai daga saitin bayanai.
Idan kana so, zan iya yin tambayoyi na aiki tare da tattaunawa (bayanai ɗaya da bayanai da aka haɗa a rukuni) domin ka fahimci yadda ake tantance yanayin.
