Nau'ikan Karfe da ake Amfani da su wajen ƙera Kayan Kwamfuta
Kwamfutocin da muke amfani da su kowace rana suna kama da tarin kayan lantarki masu kyau: akwati, allon, madannai, da kuma kayan haɗin da ke ciki. Duk da haka, a ƙarƙashin duk wannan akwai "kashi" na kayan da ke sa na'urar ta kasance mai karko, mai ɗorewa, kuma tana iya gudanar da wutar lantarki da zafi sosai. Ɗaya daga cikin mahimman rukuni na kayan aiki a cikin ƙera kayan aikin kwamfuta shine ƙarfe. Ana zaɓar ƙarfe saboda kyawun wutar lantarki da ƙarfinsa na zafi, ƙarfin injina, sauƙin daidaitawa, da juriya ga tsatsa (ya danganta da nau'in). Wannan labarin ya tattauna nau'ikan ƙarfe da aka saba amfani da su a cikin kayan aikin kwamfuta, ayyukansu, da kuma dalilin da yasa su ne babban zaɓin masana'antar.
1. Tagulla
Tagulla ƙarfe ne wanda yake da alaƙa da duniyar kayan lantarki. Dalilin a bayyane yake: tagulla yana da ƙarfin watsa wutar lantarki mai yawa, wanda ke ba shi damar gudanar da wutar lantarki yadda ya kamata da kuma rage asarar wutar lantarki. A cikin kwamfutoci, an fi samun tagulla a cikin:
– Waƙoƙi a kan PCB (Allon Da'ira da aka Buga): Matakan tagulla suna samar da “wurare” waɗanda ke haɗa abubuwan lantarki.
– Kebul da mahaɗi: Kebul na wutar lantarki, kebul na bayanai, da mahaɗi galibi suna amfani da core na jan ƙarfe.
– Wurin dumama da bututun zafi: Saboda jan ƙarfe yana da ƙarfin jure zafi mai yawa, yana canja wurin zafi daga CPU/GPU zuwa fin ɗin sanyaya yadda ya kamata.
Abin da ya fi jan ƙarfe tsada shi ne farashinsa mafi girma fiye da aluminum da kuma nauyinsa mai nauyi. Duk da haka, don mafi kyawun buƙatun canja wurin zafi da wutar lantarki, jan ƙarfe ya kasance abin da aka saba amfani da shi.
2. Aluminum
Ana amfani da aluminum sosai saboda yana da sauƙi, ƙarfi, araha, kuma yana da juriya ga tsatsa (godiya ga yanayin oxide na halitta). A cikin kayan aikin kwamfuta, ana amfani da aluminum a cikin:
– Kwamfutocin tafi-da-gidanka da na PC: Yana ba da ƙarfin tsari ba tare da ƙara nauyi mai yawa ba.
– Zafi: Duk da cewa ƙarfin zafinsa ya yi ƙasa da na jan ƙarfe, aluminum yana iya zama siririn fika wanda ke ƙara yankin da zafin ke fita.
– Firam ɗin sassan da maƙallan: Misali, hawa HDD/SSD ko firam ɗin PSU.
Saboda sulhu tsakanin aikin zafi, farashi, da nauyi, aluminum ya zama ƙarfe da aka fi so ga ƙirar masana'antar kwamfuta ta zamani, musamman kwamfutocin tafi-da-gidanka.
3. Zinariya
An san zinare da ƙarfe mai daraja, amma rawar da yake takawa a cikin kwamfutoci ba wai kawai "alatu" ba ne. Ana amfani da zinare saboda:
– Kyakkyawan wutar lantarki
- Mai matuƙar juriya ga lalata da kuma iskar shaka
- Sadarwar lantarki mai dorewa na dogon lokaci
Ana samun zinare a matsayin siririn shafi (rufe zinare) a kan fil ɗin haɗin, kamar masu haɗin RAM, ramukan PCIe, wasu masu haɗin kebul, da kuma masu haɗin CPU. Idan haɗin haɗin ya lalace cikin sauƙi, tsangwama na sigina na iya faruwa, yana haifar da kurakurai, har ma yana hana a gano na'urar. Rufe zinare yana taimakawa wajen kula da ingancin haɗin lantarki, musamman a yankunan da ke fuskantar gogayya akai-akai yayin shigarwa da cirewa.
4. Azurfa
Azurfa tana da mafi girman ƙarfin lantarki a tsakanin ƙarfe, har ma fiye da jan ƙarfe. Duk da haka, ta fi tsada kuma tana iya yin baƙi (baƙi) saboda amsawar sulfur a cikin iska. Duk da haka, ana amfani da azurfa a aikace-aikace na musamman da dama, kamar:
- Wasu manne da solders masu sarrafa abubuwa
- Lambobin sadarwa na lantarki masu inganci
– Wasu yadudduka ko sassan da ke cikin wasu na'urori suna buƙatar ƙarancin juriya.
A fannin kwamfuta gabaɗaya, yawanci ba a amfani da azurfa kamar jan ƙarfe ko aluminum saboda la'akari da farashi.
5. Tin
Tin yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haɗa ƙarfe. Solder shine ƙarfe mai haɗawa wanda ke haɗa kayan lantarki zuwa allunan da aka buga. A da, solder yana ɗauke da adadi mai yawa na gubar, amma masana'antar lantarki yanzu ta koma solders marasa gubar, waɗanda galibi ana yin su ne da ƙarfe tare da cakuda wasu ƙarfe kamar azurfa da jan ƙarfe.
Kwamfutocin zamani suna da dubban haɗin haɗin solder, musamman akan motherboards da katunan zane. Ingancin solder yana da mahimmanci don amincin na'urori: rashin haɗin solder na iya haifar da tsagewar haɗin gwiwa (musamman daga zagayawan zafi da sanyi), wanda ke haifar da matsaloli kamar "babu nuni," sake kunna na'urar akai-akai, ko gazawar tashar jiragen ruwa kwatsam.
6. Nickel
Ana amfani da nickel sau da yawa a matsayin abin kariya da ƙarfafawa a kan abubuwa da yawa. Babban aikinsa shine ƙara juriya ga tsatsa da inganta halayen injiniya na saman. Misalan amfani da nickel a cikin abubuwan kwamfuta sun haɗa da:
– Rufe a kan mahaɗin (sau da yawa a matsayin tushe kafin zinariya)
- Rufi a kan heatsink ko wasu sassa don hana iskar shaka
– Cakuda ƙarfe daban-daban
Nickel yana da mahimmanci a masana'antar lantarki, domin yana taimakawa wajen ƙirƙirar saman da ke da ƙarfi da dorewa.
7. Baƙin ƙarfe da ƙarfe (Ƙarfe da ƙarfe)
Duk da cewa kwamfutoci suna da alaƙa da "ƙananan kayan lantarki," tsarinsu na zahiri yana amfani da ƙarfe da ƙarfe sosai. Karfe ƙarfe ne mai ƙarfe tare da ƙarin carbon da sauran abubuwa don ƙara ƙarfi. A cikin kwamfutoci, ana amfani da ƙarfe akai-akai don:
- Tsarin akwatin PC na tebur
- Sukurori, maƙallan ƙarfe, da masu kare sassan
– Sassan ciki na PSU (Na'urar Samar da Wutar Lantarki)
Baƙin ƙarfe/ƙarfe yana da fa'idodi dangane da ƙarfi da farashi, kodayake yana da nauyi kuma yana iya lalacewa idan aka bar shi ba tare da an shafa shi ba. Saboda haka, galibi ana fentin sassan ƙarfe, ko kuma a yi musu fenti, ko kuma a yi musu fenti da wasu abubuwa.
8. Sintiki
Ana amfani da zinc sau da yawa a matsayin abin kariya (galvanization) akan ƙarfe don hana tsatsa. Haka kuma ana amfani da shi a cikin ƙarfe kamar:
– Tagulla: wani ƙarfe ne na tagulla da zinc, wanda galibi ana amfani da shi a cikin sukurori, wuraren da ke fuskantar motherboard, da wasu mahaɗi saboda yana da ƙarfi kuma yana jure tsatsa.
– Garin da aka yi amfani da shi wajen yin siminti (misali Zamak): ana amfani da shi ga ƙananan sassa waɗanda ke buƙatar siffofi masu kyau, isasshen ƙarfi, da kuma samar da kayan aiki mai rahusa.
Ba kasafai ake "ganin" zinc daga mai amfani ba, amma yana ba da gudummawa sosai ga dorewar injina da rayuwar bangaren.
9. Cobalt
Sau da yawa ana tattauna sinadarin cobalt dangane da batiri, musamman a cikin batirin lithium-ion da ake amfani da shi a cikin kwamfyutocin tafi-da-gidanka. Wasu masana kimiyyar batiri suna amfani da kayan da aka yi da cobalt (misali, LCO ko NMC) don haɓaka kwanciyar hankali da yawan kuzari. Duk da cewa ba "ƙarfe" ba ne a cikin siffar tsarin kamar kwarangwal, cobalt muhimmin sashi ne na kayan lantarki na batirin.
Saboda matsalolin dorewa da kuma matsalolin haƙar ma'adinai na ɗabi'a, masana'antar ta ci gaba da haɓaka batura masu ƙarancin sinadarin cobalt, amma cobalt har yanzu muhimmin sinadari ne a cikin batura da yawa.
10. Tantalum (Tantalum)
Ana amfani da Tantalum sau da yawa a cikin capacitors na tantalum, ƙananan abubuwan da ke adanawa da daidaita cajin wutar lantarki. Wannan nau'in capacitor an san shi da:
- Ƙaramin girma tare da babban iya aiki
- Barga a wasu yanayin zafi
- Abin dogaro ga da'irar wutar lantarki
Ana samun capacitors na Tantalum a cikin motherboards, katunan zane-zane, da na'urorin kwamfuta masu ƙarancin ƙarfi. Duk da haka, saboda tantalum yana da alaƙa da matsalolin "ma'adanai masu rikici" (a wasu sarƙoƙin samar da kayayyaki), manyan masana'antun galibi suna da tsauraran manufofin samowa.
Penutup
Ƙirƙirar abubuwan da ke cikin kwamfuta haɗin fasaha ne mai girma da kuma zaɓin kayan aiki na musamman. Tagulla ta fi kyau ga hanyoyin lantarki da canja wurin zafi, aluminum ya dace da tsarin da ba ya ɗaukar nauyi da kuma wurin nutsewa na zafi, haɗin zinare da nickel suna da inganci, tin yana samar da kashin bayan solder, kuma ƙarfe yana ba da ƙarfi ga injina ga chassis. A gefe guda kuma, ƙarfe kamar cobalt da tantalum suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin batura da tallafawa abubuwan lantarki. Fahimtar nau'ikan ƙarfe da ake amfani da su a cikin kwamfutoci yana taimaka mana mu ga cewa na'urorin dijital ba wai kawai "kwakwalwa" da "software" ba ne, har ma da ayyuka masu rikitarwa na injiniyan kayan masana'antu.
Idan kuna so, zan iya ƙara wani sashe na musamman wanda ke bayanin ƙarfe akan kowane sashi (CPU, GPU, RAM, motherboard, SSD/HDD, PSU, da akwati) don sanya labarin ya fi tsari kamar tsarin ilmantarwa.
