Tarihin Fitilar Edison ta Incandescent
Kwan fitilar hasken rana ta zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙirƙira a tarihin wayewar zamani, inda ta sauya yadda mutane ke gani da mu'amala da duniya. Wani mutum da aka fi yabawa da ya shahara da kuma inganta kwan fitilar hasken rana shine Thomas Alva Edison. Wannan labarin zai sake duba tarihin kwan fitilar hasken rana ta Edison, tun daga farkon ci gabanta, ƙalubalen da ta fuskanta, zuwa tasirin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki na wannan ƙirƙira.
Bayani da Ganowa na Farko
Kafin Edison, masu ƙirƙira da yawa sun yi ƙoƙarin ƙirƙirar kwararan fitila masu inganci. Ainihin, kwan fitila mai ƙonewa yana aiki ta hanyar dumama filament har sai ya yi haske. Sir Humphry Davy, masanin kimiyya ɗan Ingila, yana ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka fara ƙirƙira haske ta hanyar amfani da wutar lantarki a shekarar 1802. Ya yi amfani da wutar lantarki da ke gudana ta cikin wani tsiri na platinum don samar da haske. Duk da haka, waɗannan fitilun ba su da inganci sosai kuma sun daɗe na ɗan gajeren lokaci.
Shekaru da dama bayan haka, Warren de la Rue, wani masanin kimiyyar sinadarai ɗan ƙasar Ingila, ya yi ƙoƙarin inganta wannan ra'ayi ta hanyar amfani da filament na platinum a cikin bututun injinan iska. Duk da cewa wannan fasaha ta fi ɗorewa, tsadar platinum ta sa ba ta da amfani a kasuwanci.
A shekarar 1854, Heinrich Göbel, wani Ba’amurke ɗan ƙasar Jamus, ya ƙirƙiri fitilar incandescent mai filament da aka yi da bamboo mai carbon. Wannan fasaha ta kusa kamala, amma har yanzu tana buƙatar ci gaba da yawa.
Juyin Juya Halin Thomas Alva Edison
An haifi Thomas Alva Edison a ranar 11 ga Fabrairu, 1847, a Milan, Ohio, Amurka. Duk da cewa ya kasance ƙwararren mai ƙirƙira tare da sama da haƙƙin mallaka 1.000 a sunansa, mafi shahararsa ita ce kwan fitilar wutar lantarki.
A shekara ta 1879, Edison ya fara gwaji da kayan filament daban-daban. Bayan ya gudanar da gwaje-gwaje sama da 3.000, daga ƙarshe ya gano cewa filament ɗin carbon shine mafi kyawun zaɓi. A ranar 21 ga Oktoba, 1879, Edison ya yi nasarar ƙirƙirar fitilar incandescent wadda ke ƙonewa na tsawon awanni 13,5 ba tare da ya fita a ƙarƙashin injin tsabtace iska ba.
Akwai abubuwa da dama masu ban mamaki na fitilar incandescent da Edison ya ƙirƙira waɗanda suka bambanta da waɗanda aka ƙirƙira a baya:
1. Carbon Filament: Kirkirar Edison ta carbon filament ta samar da dorewar da ba a taɓa gani ba. Duk da cewa daga ƙarshe an maye gurbin wannan filament da tungsten filament mai ƙarfi da inganci, carbon babban ci gaba ne na farko.
2. Bututun Injin Tsaftacewa: Edison ya tabbatar da cewa filament ɗin yana cikin bututun tsaftacewa ko kuma an cika shi da wani iskar gas don hana iskar shaka, wanda hakan zai tsawaita rayuwar fitilar.
3. Tsarin Wutar Lantarki: Edison ya fahimci cewa kwan fitilar wutar lantarki za ta yi amfani ne kawai idan akwai tsarin wutar lantarki da zai taimaka wajen amfani da ita. Saboda haka, shi da tawagarsa sun ƙirƙiro ingantaccen tsarin rarraba wutar lantarki. A shekara ta 1882, ya gina tashar wutar lantarki a titin Pearl, New York, yana hidimar yankin Manhattan.
Kalubale da Takaddama
Kamar sauran manyan ƙirƙira, kwan fitilar Edison mai hasken rana ba ta rasa ƙalubale da cece-kuce ba. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan batutuwan da ake yawan tayarwa shine muhawara kan wanene "wanda ya ƙirƙira kwan fitilar hasken rana mai haske". Wasu mutane da yawa, kamar Nikola Tesla da Hiram Maxim, suma sun gudanar da bincike da ci gaba a wannan fanni.
Misali, Sir Joseph Swan, wani mai ƙirƙira ɗan ƙasar Ingila, shi ma ya ƙirƙiro fasahar hasken carbon filament incandescent a daidai lokacin da Edison ke aiki. A shekarar 1880, Edison da Swan suka yanke shawarar yin aiki tare suka kafa Kamfanin Hasken Wutar Lantarki na Edison & Swan United.
Bugu da ƙari, akwai ƙalubalen fasaha da tattalin arziki wajen yaɗa wannan fasaha. Edison ya shawo kan batutuwan da suka shafi ingancin makamashi, rarraba wutar lantarki, da kuma kuɗin samarwa don samar da hasken wutar lantarki mai sauƙin samu ga jama'a. Gina manyan kayayyakin lantarki kuma ya buƙaci jari mai yawa da lokaci mai tsawo.
Tasirin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki
Fitilar Edison mai walƙiya ta yi tasiri mai ƙarfi wanda ba wai kawai ta shafi fannoni na kimiyya da fasaha ba, har ma ta yi tasiri ga fannoni na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki na al'umma.
1. Canje-canje a Rayuwa: Kafin fitilun lantarki, kananzir da kyandirori su ne manyan hanyoyin samun haske da daddare. Ƙirƙirar Edison ta bai wa al'umma damar samun haske mai haske, mai karko, da aminci. Wannan ya canza yanayin aiki da zamantakewa, yana ba mutane damar yin aiki da kuma shiga cikin ayyuka na dogon lokaci bayan faɗuwar rana.
2. Masana'antu: Wannan sabuwar fasahar hasken wutar lantarki ta hanzarta masana'antu ta hanyar ba wa masana'antu da sauran wuraren aiki damar yin aiki dare da rana. Wannan ya ƙara yawan aiki sosai, yana ƙara haɓaka tattalin arziki.
3. Bunkasa birane: Da zuwan ingantaccen hasken wutar lantarki, manyan birane sun fara bunƙasa cikin sauri. An gina gundumomin kasuwanci da na zama a wurare daban-daban, kuma tsarin sufuri kamar jiragen ƙasa masu amfani da wutar lantarki da jiragen ƙasa sun fara aiki.
4. Sauran Sabbin Dabaru: Nasarar fitilar da ke haskakawa ta haifar da sabbin fasahohi a wasu fannoni. Edison da kansa ya ci gaba da bincikensa ta hanyar ƙirƙirar na'urori da tsarin lantarki daban-daban, kamar su na'urar phonograph da kuma janareta mai amfani da wutar lantarki.
Kammalawa na Ƙarshe
A ƙarshe, tarihin Edison game da fitilar wutar lantarki mai ƙonewa labari ne na juriya mai ban mamaki, kirkire-kirkire, da hangen nesa. Duk da cewa ba shi kaɗai ba ne mai ƙirƙira da ke aiki a wannan fanni, ikonsa na haɓaka fasahar da za ta iya aiki a kasuwa da kuma ingantaccen tsarin rarraba wutar lantarki ya sa ya zama babban mutum a tarihin hasken wucin gadi.
Wannan ƙirƙira ba wai kawai ta canza yadda mutane ke ƙirƙirar hanyoyin haske ba, har ma ta canza tsarin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki na al'umma sosai. Daga ci gaban masana'antu zuwa canjin rayuwar yau da kullun, za a tuna da gadon Edison a matsayin wani muhimmin ci gaba a tarihin fasaha.
A cikin duniyar da ke ci gaba da canzawa cikin sauri, gadon Edison yana tunatar da mu cewa kirkire-kirkire ba ya tsayawa kuma koyaushe akwai damar ingantawa wanda zai iya yin babban tasiri ga wayewar ɗan adam.
