Sanin Tsarin Shawarwari na Psychodynamic
Tsarin ba da shawara kan halayyar ɗan adam hanya ce ta ba da shawara da ke jaddada mahimmancin fahimtar rayuwar mutum ta ciki—musamman hanyoyin tunani marasa sani—a matsayin mabuɗin bayyana motsin rai, tunani, da ɗabi'a. Wannan hanyar ta samo asali ne daga al'adar ilimin halayyar ɗan adam da Sigmund Freud ya fara, sannan aka haɓaka ta hanyar tunanin wasu mutane kamar Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Melanie Klein, Anna Freud, Donald Winnicott, kuma a ƙarshe ta hanyar hanyar dangantaka da tunani na son kai. A cikin aikin ba da shawara na zamani, tsarin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam ba koyaushe yake iri ɗaya da maganin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam na gargajiya mai tsawo da ƙarfi ba, amma ana iya amfani da shi ta hanya mafi taƙaice, mai da hankali, da dacewa don biyan buƙatun abokan cinikin yau.
Ka'idar Tushen da Ra'ayoyi na Asali
Gabaɗaya, shawarwarin psychodynamic ya dogara ne akan muhimman zato da dama. Na farko, rayuwar tunanin ɗan adam tana da tasiri ta hanyar hanyoyin da ba a sani ba. Wannan yana nufin cewa wasu daga cikin abubuwan da muke motsawa, rikice-rikice, tsoro, da buƙatunmu suna aiki "a bayan fage" ba tare da cikakken saninmu ba, duk da haka suna tasiri ga martaninmu na motsin rai da zaɓin halayenmu. Na biyu, abubuwan da muke fuskanta a lokacin ƙuruciya suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tsara yanayin halayenmu da kuma yadda mutane ke gina dangantaka. Abubuwan da muka fuskanta a farkon lokacin da muke kula da masu kulawa na iya tsara "samfura" game da ko duniya tana da aminci, ko mun cancanci ƙauna, da kuma yadda za mu magance damuwa ko ƙin yarda. Na uku, rikice-rikice na ciki - misali, tsakanin sha'awa da al'adu, buƙatu da tsoro, ko motsin rai mai ƙarfi da laifi - galibi sune tushen alamun tunani.
Ba kamar hanyoyin da ke jaddada canjin hali kai tsaye ba, psychodynamics ya fi sha'awar "dalilin" da ke bayan alamun: dalilin da yasa wani ke ci gaba da jin damuwa duk da cewa yanayin da ake ciki yana da aminci, dalilin da yasa yanayin dangantaka mai raɗaɗi ke maimaita kansa, ko dalilin da yasa wani ke da wahalar bayyana buƙatu ta hanyar lafiya.
Mahimman Manufofi a cikin Shawarwari kan Ilimin Halayyar Dan Adam
Akwai wasu muhimman ra'ayoyi da ake amfani da su a cikin shawarwarin psychodynamic:
1. Rashin sani
Ana fahimtar rashin sani a matsayin wani yanki na tunani wanda ke adana abubuwan da suka faru, motsin rai, da kuma abubuwan da ba za a iya samu cikin sauƙi ba amma suna tasiri ga hali. Misali, mutumin da ya bayyana yana da wahalar amincewa da wasu zai iya samun gogewar cin amana ko watsi da shi wanda ba a aiwatar da shi gaba ɗaya ba.
2. Tsarin Tsaro
Kariya dabaru ne na tunani don rage damuwa ko motsin rai da ke jin kamar sun mamaye mutum. Misalai sun haɗa da musantawa, hasashen abubuwa, yin tunani, dannewa, har ma da barkwanci. Kariya ba koyaushe take da muni ba - galibi suna da sauƙin daidaitawa - amma suna iya zama matsala idan suka yi tsauri sosai kuma suka hana ci gaba.
3. Canja wurin Canji da Canja wurin da Aka Yi
Canja wurin yana faruwa ne lokacin da abokin ciniki ya canja ji, tsammani, ko tsarin dangantaka daga baya (misali, zuwa ga iyaye) zuwa ga mai ba da shawara. Akasin haka, canjin wurin shine martanin motsin rai da mai ba da shawara ke bayarwa ga abokin ciniki, wanda ya shafi abubuwan da mai ba da shawara ya fuskanta. A cikin tsarin psychodynamic, wannan yanayin ba wai kawai shinge bane, amma muhimmin tushen bayanai ne don fahimtar tsarin dangantakar abokin ciniki.
4. Fahimta (Zurfafa fahimta)
Muhimmin burin ba da shawara kan harkokin tunani shine taimaka wa abokan ciniki su sami fahimta: fahimtar dalilansu, rikice-rikicensu, da kuma tsarin dangantaka mai maimaitawa. Hankali ya wuce "ilimin hankali" zuwa ga ɓangarorin motsin rai, yana buɗe damammaki don ƙarin canji mai ma'ana.
5. Alaƙa da Tsarin Haɗaka
Yawancin ayyukan psychodynamic na zamani sun haɗa da ka'idar haɗewa. Matsaloli kamar barin damuwa, buƙatar tabbatarwa da yawa, ko rashin jin daɗin kwanciyar hankali a cikin dangantaka galibi ana fahimtar su ta hanyar hangen nesa na abubuwan da suka faru na haɗin gwiwa na farko.
Manufofin Shawarwari na Psychodynamic
Babban burin tsarin psychodynamic ba wai kawai rage alamun cutar ba ne, har ma don taimaka wa abokan ciniki su fahimci tushen matsalar da kuma canza yanayin da ke ƙasa. Wasu takamaiman manufofi sun haɗa da:
- ƙara sanin kai game da motsin rai, buƙatu, da rikice-rikicen ciki;
- gane tsarin dangantaka mai maimaitawa da kuma tushen tarihinsu;
- haɓaka ƙarin hanyoyin daidaita motsin rai;
- ƙarfafa ikon tunani da kuma daidaita kai;
– gina ingantacciyar fahimtar kai ta gaskiya da kuma daidaito.
A lokuta da yawa, yayin da fahimtar motsin rai da ƙarfin aiki ke ƙaruwa, alamu kamar damuwa, baƙin ciki mai ɗorewa, ko wahalar gina dangantaka na iya raguwa a hankali.
Tsaruka da Dabaru a Aiki
Shawarwari kan halayyar ɗan adam yawanci ana yin su ne ta hanyar tattaunawa mai zurfi da ke mai da hankali kan abubuwan da suka faru a cikin motsin rai, dangantaka, da ma'ana. Masu ba da shawara suna ba wa abokan ciniki damar bincika tunaninsu (wanda galibi ake kira haɗin kai na 'yanci), kodayake ba koyaushe ake amfani da wannan a matsayin "kamilanci" kamar nazarin halayyar ɗan adam na gargajiya ba. Wasu dabarun gama gari sun haɗa da:
– Binciken labaran rayuwa: masu ba da shawara suna taimaka wa abokan ciniki su ga abubuwan da suka shafi abubuwan da suka faru a lokacin yarinta, muhimman dangantaka, da kuma abubuwan da suka faru a cikin motsin rai waɗanda ke tsara ra'ayoyinsu.
– Karin bayani da kuma jayayya mai laushi: mai ba da shawara yana gayyatar abokin ciniki ya sake duba rashin daidaito, gujewa, ko yanayin rashin sani ba tare da yanke hukunci ba.
– Fassara: mai ba da shawara yana bayar da hasashe game da ma'anar da ke bayan motsin rai ko hali, misali yadda fushin da aka danne ya koma suka ko damuwa.
– Mayar da hankali kan "nan da yanzu" a cikin dangantakar ba da shawara: yadda abokin ciniki ke ji game da mai ba da shawara, kamar tsoron a yi masa hukunci ko son faranta masa rai, na iya zama nuni ga tsarin dangantaka a wajen zaman.
Tsarin psychodynamic na zamani suma galibi suna da tsari mai kyau. Tsarin Psychodynamic na ɗan gajeren lokaci (ISTDP) yana mai da hankali kan rikice-rikicen asali kuma yana amfani da dabarun aiki don sauƙaƙe samun damar shiga motsin rai da aka guje wa.
Fa'idodi da Iyakoki
Ƙarfin shawarwarin psychodynamic yana cikin zurfinsa. Wannan hanyar tana taimaka wa abokan ciniki su fahimci tushen matsaloli da kuma gina canji mai ɗorewa domin tana magance matsalolin da ke ƙasa, ba kawai alamun da ke bayyane ba. Wannan nau'in shawarwari yana da amfani ga batutuwan asali, dangantaka, raunin ci gaba, wahalar daidaita motsin rai, da kuma alamu masu maimaitawa waɗanda ke jin "ba su da ma'ana" idan aka yi bayani a halin da ake ciki kawai.
Duk da haka, akwai iyakoki da za a yi la'akari da su. Na farko, maganin psychodynamic sau da yawa yana buƙatar lokaci da jajircewa, musamman idan batutuwan suna da sarkakiya kuma suna da alaƙa da rauni ko kuma tsarin dangantaka mai daɗewa. Na biyu, ga wasu abokan ciniki waɗanda ke buƙatar ƙwarewa nan take (misali, takamaiman dabarun sarrafa damuwa), wannan hanyar na iya jin kamar ba ta da "aiki" idan ba a haɗa ta da wasu dabarun ba. Na uku, nasarar maganin ya dogara sosai akan ingancin dangantakar magani, shirye-shiryen abokin ciniki don tunani, da ƙwarewar mai ba da shawara wajen sarrafa canja wuri da maye gurbin.
Gajeren Misali na Aikace-aikacen
Misali, abokin ciniki zai iya yin korafin yawan damuwa idan abokin tarayyarsa yana jinkirin amsawa ga saƙonnin rubutu. Ta san cewa abokin tarayyarta yana da aiki, amma motsin zuciyarta yana tashi: tsoron barin juna, fushi, da nadama. A cikin tsarin tunani mai zurfi, mai ba da shawara zai bincika abubuwan da suka faru na farko waɗanda suka iya tsara wannan jin daɗin - kamar kulawa mara daidaituwa, gogewar barin juna cikin motsin rai, ko yanayin iyali wanda ya rage darajar ƙauna. Ta hanyar wannan tsari, abokin ciniki yana koyon gane raunukan da aka sake kunnawa, bambance abin da ya gabata da na yanzu, da kuma haɓaka ƙarin martani masu girma.
Penutup
Fahimtar tsarin ba da shawara kan halayyar ɗan adam yana nufin fahimtar cewa mutane ba wai kawai suna motsawa ta hanyar tunani da yanke shawara mai ma'ana ba, har ma da motsin rai da ya mamaye, rikice-rikicen ciki, da kuma alamun alaƙar da ta gabata. Wannan hanyar tana ba da wuri mai aminci don bincika ma'ana, fahimtar halaye masu maimaitawa, da kuma gina canji daga ciki. A cikin duniyar yau da ke cike da sauri, ba da shawara kan halayyar ɗan adam yana tunatar da mu cewa warkarwa ba koyaushe mafita ce ta nan take ba, amma tsari ne na sake haɗuwa da abubuwan da suka faru a baya da aka yi watsi da su - har sai mutane a ƙarshe sun sami damar rayuwa cikin sani, 'yanci, da kuma gaskiya.
