Tsarin Yin Roba Daga Abubuwan Halitta
Roba yana ɗaya daga cikin kayan da aka fi amfani da su a masana'antu daban-daban da kuma rayuwar yau da kullun. Ƙarfinsa mai sauƙi, sassauƙa, mai jure ruwa, kuma mai sauƙin sassauƙa ya sa ya zama babban zaɓi ga aikace-aikace da yawa, tun daga marufi na abinci zuwa manyan kayan masana'antu. A cikin wannan labarin, za mu bincika tsarin yin robobi daga mahaɗan halitta, daga kayan ƙasa zuwa samfurin ƙarshe.
1. Pendahuluan
Robalan polymers ne, manyan ƙwayoyin halitta waɗanda aka yi su da raka'o'i masu maimaitawa da yawa da ake kira monomers. Polymerization shine tsarin sinadarai da ke haɗa waɗannan monomers tare don samar da sarƙoƙin polymer. Abubuwan da aka fi amfani da su wajen yin robobi sune man fetur da iskar gas, kodayake ƙoƙarin amfani da albarkatun da ake sabuntawa yana ƙaruwa.
2. Kayan Danye
2.1 Man Fetur A Matsayin Babban Tushensa
Yawancin robobi ana yin su ne da sinadarai masu guba da aka samo daga man fetur. Man fetur yana ɗauke da nau'ikan hydrocarbons daban-daban waɗanda, ta hanyar tacewa, za a iya raba su zuwa ƙananan abubuwa kamar ethylene, propylene, da butadiene, waɗanda daga nan ake amfani da su azaman monomers a cikin samar da robobi.
2.2 Iskar Gas ta Halitta
Bayan man fetur, iskar gas ma muhimmin tushe ne na samar da robobi. Ana iya canza methane, babban sinadarin iskar gas, zuwa ethylene ta hanyar wani tsari da aka sani da fashewar tururi.
2.3 Kayan Halitta Masu Sabuntawa
An yi ƙoƙari daban-daban don samar da robobi daga albarkatun da ake sabuntawa kamar sitaci, cellulose, da man kayan lambu. Bioplastics, waɗanda aka yi daga waɗannan kayan halitta masu sabuntawa, suna ba da mafita mafi kyau ga muhalli fiye da robobi na gargajiya.
3. Tsarin Haɗa Sinadarai
3.1 Ƙarin Polymerization
Bugu da ƙari, polymerization, monomers masu haɗin gwiwa biyu (kamar ethylene) suna amsawa don samar da polymer ta hanyar tsarin ƙari. Ba a samar da wani samfurin da ya rage a cikin wannan nau'in polymerization ba. Misalan robobi da aka saba samarwa ta hanyar polymerization na ƙari sune polyethylene da polypropylene.
Tsarin Haɗakar da Ethylene:
1. Shiri na Monomer: Ana samar da Ethylene ta hanyar fasawar hydrocarbon.
2. Farawa: Ƙara mai farawa (misali free radicals, acid, ko tushe) don fara aikin polymerization.
3. Yaɗuwa: Monomers na Ethylene suna haɗuwa akai-akai don samar da dogayen sarƙoƙi na polyethylene.
4. Karewa: Ana dakatar da aikin ta hanyar ƙara wani abu da ke dakatar da amsawar.
3.2 Daidaita Daidaito
A cikin polymerization na condensation, nau'ikan monomers guda biyu daban-daban suna haɗuwa don samar da polymer da kuma wani samfurin da ya biyo baya (yawanci ruwa ko methanol). Nailan da polyester misalai ne na robobi da aka samar ta hanyar polymerization na condensation.
Tsarin Haɗa Nailan:
1. Shirye-shiryen Monomers: Ana shirya Monomers kamar adipic acid da hexamethylenediamine.
2. Haɗakar Tsarin Polymer: Monomers guda biyu suna amsawa don samar da dogayen sarƙoƙi na Nailan da ruwa a matsayin wani abu da ya rage.
3. Tsarkakewa: Ana tsarkake nailan da aka samu daga abubuwan da suka lalace ta hanyar wankewa da busarwa.
4. Tsarin Fitarwa da Samarwa
Da zarar an samar da polymer, filastik a cikin nau'in granules ko pellets yawanci ana narkewa kuma yana samar da shi zuwa samfuran ƙarshe daban-daban ta hanyar dabarun ƙirƙirar abubuwa daban-daban kamar:
4.1 Fitarwa
Fitar da iska wani tsari ne da ake narkar da ƙwayoyin filastik sannan a tilasta su ta cikin wani abu mai kama da bututu, takarda, ko fim.
4.2 Yin Motsa Jiki ta Allura
Wannan tsari ya ƙunshi allurar roba mai narkewa a cikin wani abu mai ƙarfi a cikin matsi mai ƙarfi don samar da samfura masu rami ko masu tauri kamar kayan wasa, kwantena, da kayan aikin mota.
4.3 Buga Molding
A cikin gyaran busasshiyar iska, ana siffanta bututun filastik da suka narke kuma ana hura su da iska mai matsewa don samar da abubuwa masu ramuka kamar kwalabe.
4.4 Gyaran Juyawa
Wannan hanyar tana amfani da mold wanda ke juyawa akan gatari da yawa don rarraba filastik mai narkewa daidai gwargwado a saman ciki na mold ɗin, yana samar da samfuran da ba su da ramuka kamar tankunan mai da manyan kayan wasa.
5. Sifofin Roba
5.1 Polyethylene (PE)
Polyethylene shine robobi da aka fi amfani da su kuma ana iya samunsa a nau'o'i daban-daban kamar LDPE (Polyethylene mai ƙarancin yawa) da HDPE (Polyethylene mai yawan yawa). Ana amfani da PE a cikin jakunkunan siyayya, kwalabe, da bututu.
5.2 Polypropylene (PP)
An san Polypropylene saboda ƙarfinsa mai ƙarfi da juriya ga sinadarai. Ana amfani da PP a cikin kayayyakin mota, kwantena abinci, da na'urorin likitanci.
5.3 Polystyrene (PS)
Polystyrene na iya zama ko dai mai haske ko kuma mai kumfa. Ana amfani da Crystalline PS a cikin marufin abinci mai haske, yayin da ake amfani da kumfa PS (Styrofoam) a cikin marufi mai kariya da kayan rufi.
5.4 Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)
PVC filastik ne mai sauƙin amfani wanda za a iya taurarewa ko laushi ta amfani da na'urorin filastik. Ana amfani da PVC mai ƙarfi don bututu da tagogi, yayin da ake amfani da PVC mai sassauƙa don wayoyi na lantarki da bene na vinyl.
6. Gudanar da Sharar Roba
6.1 Sake Amfani da Kayan Aiki
Sake amfani da roba shine tsarin mayar da sharar filastik zuwa sabbin kayayyaki ko kayayyaki. Ana tattara robobin da za a iya sake amfani da su, a raba su zuwa ƙananan kwalaye, sannan a narke su don a sake fasalin su.
6.2 Roba Mai Rushewa
Wasu sabbin kirkire-kirkire sun mayar da hankali kan samar da robobi masu lalacewa waɗanda ƙwayoyin cuta a muhalli za su iya rushewa, wanda hakan ke rage nauyin sharar robobi a wuraren zubar da shara.
6.3 Makamashi daga Sharar Gida
Sabbin fasahohi da dama suna ba da damar canza sharar filastik zuwa makamashi ta hanyar hanyoyin kamar pyrolysis, wanda ke mayar da filastik zuwa man fetur ko iskar gas na roba.
7. Kesimpulan
Tsarin yin filastik daga mahaɗan halitta ya ƙunshi matakai daban-daban, tun daga cirewa da tsarkakewa na monomer, ta hanyar polymerization, zuwa ƙirƙirar samfurin ƙarshe. Tare da ci gaban fasaha da ƙara wayar da kan jama'a game da muhalli, ƙoƙarin haɓaka robobi daga albarkatun da ake sabuntawa da kuma hanyoyin sake amfani da su masu inganci yana ci gaba da ci gaba. Duk da cewa robobi sun ba da fa'idodi masu yawa ga al'ummar zamani, ƙalubalen da ake fuskanta wajen sarrafa buƙatun sharar su na kirkire-kirkire mai alhaki da dorewa.
