Tsarin Samar da Kebul don Tsarin Sadarwar Tauraron Dan Adam
Tsarin sadarwa ta tauraron dan adam ya dogara ne akan watsa siginar mita mai yawa wanda dole ne ya kasance mai karko, daidai, kuma mai jure wa tsangwama. Bayan wannan aikin akwai wani muhimmin sashi wanda galibi ana yin watsi da shi: kebul. Kebul na tsarin sadarwa ta tauraron dan adam ba wai kawai "masu haɗawa" ne tsakanin na'urori ba, amma kafofin watsa labarai waɗanda dole ne su kasance suna da takamaiman halaye na lantarki, ƙarancin asara, kariyar ƙarfi, da juriya ga yanayi mai tsauri. Wannan labarin ya tattauna tsarin samar da kebul wanda aka saba amfani da shi a cikin tsarin sadarwa ta tauraron dan adam - daga zaɓin abu zuwa sarrafa inganci kafin a ayyana kebul ɗin da ya dace da amfani.
1. Bukatun Fasaha don Kebul a Sadarwar Tauraron Dan Adam
Ana amfani da kebul a cikin kayayyakin more rayuwa na tauraron dan adam gabaɗaya don tashoshin ƙasa, eriya masu kama da parabolic, na'urorin mitar rediyo (RF), LNBs/LNAs, HPAs/BUCs, da na'urorin modem da na sa ido. Nau'ikan kebul da aka fi amfani da su sune kebul na coaxial kuma, a wasu sassan hanyoyin sadarwa na bayanai/telemetry, kebul na fiber optic. Don hanyar RF tsakanin eriya da amplifier, kebul na coaxial masu aiki mai girma shine babban zaɓi saboda suna iya ɗaukar siginar mita mai yawa tare da impedance mai sarrafawa (yawanci 50 ohms ko 75 ohms) kuma suna ba da kariya daga tsangwama ta lantarki.
Ana buƙatar kebul mai kyau don sadarwa ta tauraron dan adam don samun:
- Ƙarancin asarar sakawa a mitoci masu aiki (L-band, S-band, C-band, Ku-band, Ka-band, ya danganta da tsarin).
- Ƙaramin VSWR (Ratio na Tsarin Wave na Wutar Lantarki) a matsayin alamar kyakkyawan daidaitawar juriya.
- Babban ingancin kariya don dakile kwararar radiation da tsangwama daga waje.
- Juriyar yanayi da UV (shigarwa a waje) da kuma kwanciyar hankali akan canjin zafin jiki.
- Ingancin injina kamar ƙarfin juriya, sassauci, da juriya ga girgiza.
2. Injiniyanci da Zane
Tsarin samarwa yana farawa tun kafin masana'anta ta fara aiki. Ƙungiyar injiniya tana bayyana takamaiman bayanai dangane da buƙatun tsarin: nau'in kebul, impedance, kewayon mita, diamita, nau'in conductor, kayan dielectric, nau'in kariya (foil, braid, ko haɗin kai), da nau'in jaket (PVC, PE, LSZH, fluoropolymer, da sauransu). Wannan matakin kuma yana la'akari da ƙa'idodin masana'antu da buƙatun takaddun shaida, kamar bin ƙa'idodin tsaron wuta, juriya ga sinadarai, ko takamaiman ƙa'idodin aikin RF.
Takamaiman ƙira kuma suna ƙayyade juriya mai tsauri ga girma. A cikin kebul na coaxial na RF, ƙananan canje-canje a cikin mai gudanarwa ko diamita na dielectric na iya canza impedance da ƙara asara, wanda ke sa maɓallin sarrafa tsari ya zama mabuɗin.
3. Zaɓa da Shirya Kayan Danye
Babban kayan da ake amfani da su wajen kera kebul na coaxial sun hada da:
1. Mai sarrafa tsakiya: yawanci jan ƙarfe mai ƙarfi ko mara mannewa (Cu), wani lokacin jan ƙarfe mai rufi da azurfa don aiki mai yawa ko buƙatu na musamman. Don wasu aikace-aikace, ana amfani da ƙarfe mai rufi da jan ƙarfe (CCS) don ƙara ƙarfin injina.
2. Dielectric: zai iya zama PE (polyethylene), kumfa PE (wanda aka kumfa don rage yawan dielectric), PTFE/FEP (fluoropolymer) don yawan zafin jiki da ƙarancin asara.
3. Garkuwa: wani yanki na foil ɗin aluminum da/ko kifin jan ƙarfe. Haɗin kifin foil + kifin ana amfani da shi sosai don samun kariya mafi kyau.
4. Jaket na waje: PE don waje (mai jure wa UV da yanayi), PVC don wasu amfani na cikin gida, ko LSZH don wuraren da ke buƙatar ƙarancin hayaki yayin wuta.
Kafin shiga samarwa, ana duba waɗannan kayan farko: tsarkin jan ƙarfe, diamita na waya, halayen injiniya, da gwajin kayan don tabbatar da bin ƙa'idodi.
4. Tsarin Zane da Haɗa Waya
Idan masana'antar ta samar da nata na'urorin sarrafa wutar lantarki, ana zana jan ƙarfe mai ɗanɗano ta hanyar jerin na'urori masu auna zafin jiki don cimma diamita da ake so. Wannan tsari ana kiransa zane-zanen waya. Bayan zane, jan ƙarfe na iya yin tauri saboda taurarewar aiki, don haka ana sanya shi a cikin wuta (dumama mai sarrafawa) don dawo da sassauci da ƙarfin aiki mafi kyau.
Ga masu tuƙi da suka makale, ƙananan wayoyi da ke fitowa daga zane ana murɗe su (maɓallin) don kebul ɗin ya fi sassauƙa kuma ya jure karyewa yayin shigarwa.
5. Fitar da Dielectric: Samar da Kebul ɗin
Mataki na gaba shine a shafa wa mai sarrafa tsakiya da na'urar dielectric ta amfani da tsarin fitarwa. Injin fitarwa yana dumama harsashin polymer (misali, PE ko PTFE) sannan ya tilasta shi ta cikin na'urar, yana naɗe mai sarrafa a hankali. A cikin kebul na RF, haɗin kai yana da mahimmanci: dole ne dielectric ya kasance a tsakiya daidai don kiyaye tsayayyen juriya da rage rashin daidaituwar yaɗuwar sigina.
Kumfa dielectrics suna amfani da dabarar kumfa tare da iskar gas ko wani abu don ƙirƙirar wani tsari mai zurfi. Kumfa dielectric yana rage ma'aunin dielectric, wanda yawanci yakan haifar da ƙarancin asara da saurin yaɗuwar sigina.
Bayan an fitar da shi, ana sanyaya tsakiyar kebul ta hanyar wanka mai sanyaya (kwanon ruwa) yayin da ake sarrafa girmansa da na'urar firikwensin laser ko ma'aunin diamita na kan layi.
6. Shigar da Garkuwa: Foil da Braid
Da zarar an samar da tsakiyar kebul, sai a sanya garkuwar. Akwai tsare-tsare da dama da aka saba amfani da su:
– Garkuwar foil (tef): tef ɗin aluminum (sau da yawa tare da manne ko laminated back) an naɗe shi a karkace ko a tsayi a kusa da dielectric. Foil ɗin yana da tasiri ga manyan mitoci kuma yana ba da kusan cikakken rufewa.
– Garkuwar kitso: wayar jan ƙarfe da aka saka a kusa da wani tsari na foil ko kuma kai tsaye a kan dielectric. Kitso yana ƙara ƙarfin injina kuma yana ba da ƙarin kariya, musamman don tsangwama mai rikitarwa na lantarki.
Ga buƙatun tauraron ɗan adam masu mahimmanci, galibi ana zaɓar garkuwa biyu (foil + kitso) ko ma garkuwa uku/huɗu dangane da ƙa'idodin shigarwa da yanayin tsangwama.
Ana kula da rufe gashin kitso sosai, misali, a kashi 70%, 85%, ko kuma sama da 90%. Mafi girman rufewa gabaɗaya yana inganta kariya, amma kuma yana ƙara farashin kebul da tauri.
7. Fitar da Jaket na Waje
Mataki na ƙarshe a cikin samuwar kebul ɗin shine fitar da jaket ɗin waje. Jaket ɗin yana kare kebul ɗin daga gogewa, danshi, sinadarai, fallasa UV, da lalacewar injiniya. Don aikace-aikacen waje a tashoshin ƙasa, galibi ana amfani da jaket ɗin PE mai jure UV. Don shigarwa na cikin gida inda amincin wuta yake da mahimmanci, ana amfani da LSZH sau da yawa don rage hayaki da iskar gas mai lalata yayin ƙonewa.
A wannan matakin za ku iya ƙarawa:
- Ƙarin mai daidaita UV
- Mai hana harshen wuta
- toshe ruwa (yana hana yaduwa ruwa) a wasu tsare-tsare
- Sulke (ƙarin kariya mai kariya a cikin nau'in tef ɗin ƙarfe/aluminum ko kitso) idan kebul ɗin ya binne ko kuma yana cikin yankin da ke iya fuskantar tasirin.
Bayan an fitar da jaket ɗin, ana sake sanyaya kebul ɗin sannan a naɗe shi (a ɗaga shi) a kan ganga mai sarrafa matsin lamba don siffar kebul ɗin ta kasance mai karko kuma ba ta canzawa.
8. Bugawa, Alama da Ganowa
Sannan ana yi wa kebul ɗin alama da nau'in kebul, lambar rukuni, masana'anta, girma, daidaito, da kuma alamun mita. Wannan alamar tana da mahimmanci don ganowa idan akwai matsalolin filin. A cikin mahimman ayyukan sadarwa na tauraron dan adam, ganowa yana sauƙaƙa bincike cikin sauri - misali, tantance wane rukuni kebul ya fito da kuma waɗanne sigogin samarwa aka yi amfani da su.
9. Kula da Inganci da Gwajin Wutar Lantarki ta RF
Kafin a aika su, kebul ɗin suna yin gwaje-gwaje iri-iri:
1. Gwaji na girma da na gani
- Diamita na jagora, dielectric, garkuwa, da jaket
- Mayar da hankali da kuma yanayin da ake ciki
– Lalacewar saman, tsagewa, ko gurɓatawa
2. Gwajin lantarki na asali
- Juriyar DC na jagorar
- Juriyar rufi
- Gwajin Hi-pot (gwajin ƙarfin lantarki mai lalacewa) don tabbatar da kariya mai aminci
3. Gwajin halayen RF
- Haɓakar Halaye (50/75 ohms) da juriyarsa
– Asarar/ragewar sakawa a kowane tsayi a wani mita da aka bayar
– Asarar dawowa da/ko VSWR
– Ingancin kariya/yaɗuwar ruwa (musamman ga shigarwa masu saurin kamuwa da tsangwama)
4. Gwajin injina da muhalli
- Gwajin juriya da tsawaita jaket
– Gwajin sassauci/lanƙwasawa
- Gwajin zafin jiki (zagayewar zafi)
- Gwajin juriya ga UV da danshi don kebul na waje
Ana rubuta sakamakon gwajin a cikin takardar inganci, kuma a wasu ayyuka, an haɗa takardar shaidar gwaji (rahoton gwaji) wanda ke zama wani ɓangare na takardar miƙa mulki.
10. Marufi, Ajiya, da Rarrabawa
Bayan an ci jarrabawar, ana ɗaure kebul ɗin a kan ganguna ko spools bisa ga tsawon da aka umarta. Dole ne marufi ya hana lalacewa, shigar ruwa, da lalacewa yayin jigilar kaya. Ajiya kuma tana da tsauri: ana yin la'akari da yanayin zafin rumbun ajiya, danshi, da kuma hanyoyin tara ganguna a hankali don hana tsufa da jaket ɗin da siffar kebul ɗin ba ta yi ba.
A matakin rarrabawa, masana'antun ko masu haɗa kayan haɗin galibi suna haɗa shawarwarin shigarwa: mafi ƙarancin radius na lanƙwasa, ƙarfin matsin lamba mafi girma, da kuma ƙarewar haɗin haɗi mai kyau. Wannan yana da mahimmanci saboda ko da mafi kyawun kebul na iya yin aiki mara kyau idan an shigar da shi ba daidai ba, tare da masu haɗin da ba su dace ba, ko kuma idan an cire kariyar yayin ƙarewa.
Kammalawa
Tsarin samar da kebul na tsarin sadarwa na tauraron dan adam jerin ayyuka ne da ke buƙatar daidaito mai girma: daga ƙirar impedance da zaɓin kayan aiki, ƙirƙirar jagora da dielectric, kariya, zuwa fitar da jaket da gwajin RF mai tsauri. Saboda tsarin tauraron dan adam yana aiki a manyan mitoci kuma sau da yawa a cikin yanayi masu ƙalubale, ingancin kebul yana tasiri kai tsaye ga kwanciyar hankali na haɗi, rage hayaniya, da ingancin watsa wutar lantarki ta RF. Tare da kula da inganci mai kyau da ƙira mai dacewa da aikace-aikace, kebul na iya zama abubuwan dogaro waɗanda ke kula da ingantaccen aikin sadarwa na tauraron dan adam a cikin dogon lokaci.
Idan kuna so, zan iya tsara wannan labarin don ya zama takamaiman kebul na L-band coaxial don tashoshin ƙasa, kebul na jagoran raƙuman ruwa, ko kebul na fiber optic don tushen hanyar sadarwar tauraron dan adam, tare da misalan ƙa'idodin gwaji da sigogi na yau da kullun.
