Tsarin kera kebul don tsarin wutar lantarki ta iska
Makamashin iska ya zama ginshiƙi mai mahimmanci a cikin sauyawa zuwa makamashi mai tsabta. Bayan manyan injinan iska da ruwan wukake masu juyawa akwai wani tsari mai rikitarwa na lantarki wanda ke tabbatar da ingantaccen rarraba wutar lantarki da aka samar. Ɗaya daga cikin mahimman abubuwan shine kebul. Kebul ɗin tsarin wutar lantarki na iska ba wai kawai "masu jagoranci na lantarki na yau da kullun ba ne," amma an tsara su musamman don jure yanayin muhalli mai tsauri, girgiza, motsi mai ƙarfi, da kuma fallasa ga ruwan gishiri a cikin injinan iska na teku. Wannan labarin yana bincika tsarin kera kebul don tsarin wutar lantarki na iska, daga ƙira zuwa gwajin inganci.
1. Fahimci buƙatun aikace-aikacen injinan iska
Kafin a fara samar da kebul, masana'antun kebul suna gudanar da nazarin buƙatu dangane da wurin da kebul ɗin yake da kuma aikinsa. A cikin tsarin wutar lantarki ta iska, galibi ana raba kebul zuwa rukuni daban-daban: kebul a cikin nacelle (gidan janareta), kebul a kan hasumiya, kebul don tsarin firikwensin da yaw (kusurwar ruwan wukake da yanayin turbine), da kebul tsakanin turbine da tashar ƙasa (kebul tsakanin tsararru da fitarwa, musamman a gonakin iska na teku).
Kowace rukuni tana da buƙatu daban-daban. Kebulan da ke gudana ta cikin hasumiyai dole ne su jure wa nauyin injina da gogayya. Kebulan firikwensin/yaw dole ne su jure wa lanƙwasawa da juyawa akai-akai. Kebulan waje dole ne su jure wa bambancin UV, ozone, danshi, da zafin jiki. A aikace-aikacen ƙasashen waje, juriya ga tsatsa da kariya daga shigar ruwa a cikin teku buƙatu ne masu tsauri musamman. Wannan matakin bincike yana ƙayyade ƙirar jagoran jagora, kayan rufi, nau'in allo, sulke, da zaɓin jaket na waje.
2. Tsarin fasaha: masu jagoranci, rufin rufi, da tsarin kebul
Bayan an tsara abubuwan da ake buƙata, ƙungiyar injiniyan ta tsara takamaiman kebul. Zaɓin kayan jagora yawanci yana tsakanin jan ƙarfe (Cu) da aluminum (Al). Tagulla yana da mafi girman ƙarfin lantarki da sassauci mai kyau, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama ruwan dare ga kebul na sarrafawa, kebul na kayan aiki, da kebul waɗanda ke iya motsi. Aluminum yana da sauƙi kuma ya fi araha, galibi ana amfani da shi a cikin manyan kebul na wutar lantarki don watsawa.
Sauran muhimman sigogi sun haɗa da:
- Yankin giciye-sashe na jagora (mm²) don tantance ƙarfin ɗaukar kaya na yanzu.
– Ƙarfin wutar lantarki na musamman (misali 0,6/1 kV don kebul na LV, 6–35 kV don MV).
- Ajin sassaucin mai gudanarwa, musamman ga kebul masu ƙarfi.
– Kayayyakin rufi kamar XLPE (polyethylene mai haɗin giciye), EPR/HEPR, ko PVC na musamman.
– Garkuwar lantarki (allo) don kebul na MV don sarrafa filayen lantarki.
– Sulke (wayar ƙarfe ko tef ɗin ƙarfe, ko sulke na waya na aluminum) don kariya daga injiniya, musamman kebul na ƙarƙashin ƙasa/na ruwa.
– Jaket na waje (misali PE, LSZH, ko polyurethane/PU) don gogewa da juriya ga yanayi.
Wannan ƙirar dole ne ta cika ƙa'idodin masana'antu da buƙatun takaddun shaida, kamar IEC/EN, da takamaiman ƙayyadaddun bayanai na masana'antar injin turbine (OEM).
3. Tsarin zane na waya
Matakin samarwa na zahiri yawanci yana farawa da kayan ƙarfe na ɗanye a cikin nau'in sandunan tagulla ko aluminum. Sannan ana zana sandunan ta hanyar jerin mashinan don samun ƙaramin diamita na waya da ake buƙata. Wannan tsari ana kiransa zane na waya.
A lokacin zane, wayar tana fuskantar nakasar filastik kuma tana iya yin zafi, wanda ke buƙatar man shafawa da kuma sarrafa zafin jiki. Ga jan ƙarfe, ana amfani da tsarin dumama (wanda aka sarrafa shi don sanya wayar ta yi aiki kuma ba ta da ƙarfi. Sakamakon wannan tsari shine wayoyi masu kyau waɗanda diamita ɗaya ne, waɗanda sune abubuwan asali na ƙirƙirar jagora.
4. Samar da jagora (stranding)
Sannan a haɗa wayoyin da aka zana su zama jagora ɗaya ta hanyar tsarin haɗa madauri. Akwai hanyoyi guda biyu na gama gari:
- Madaurin da ke da tsari, an shirya wayar a cikin da'ira a cikin yadudduka.
– Zare igiya, ya fi sassauƙa, ya dace da aikace-aikacen da ke yawan motsawa/girgiza.
Ga kebul na injin turbine na iska, galibi ana zaɓar firikwensin da ya fi sassauƙa don sassa masu motsi, kamar hanyar zuwa tsarin firikwensin. A cikin wannan tsari, injin firikwensin yana jujjuyawa kuma yana saƙa waya da takamaiman firikwensin (tsawon na'urar). Firikwensin da ya dace yana da mahimmanci ga mai ƙarfi amma mai sassauƙan jagora. Da zarar an gama firikwensin, yawanci ana yin gwajin juriyar lantarki don tabbatar da cewa firikwensin ya cika ƙa'idodi.
5. Fitar da rufin: rufewa da kare jagoran
Sai masu tuƙi su shiga layin fitar da iskar gas, wanda shine tsarin shafa masu tuƙi da kayan polymer ta amfani da na'urar fitar da iskar gas. Kayan kariya da aka saba amfani da su don tsarin wutar lantarki ta iska sune XLPE ko EPR saboda juriyar zafi da kyawawan halayen dielectric.
A cikin kebul na MV, tsarin rufin zai iya ƙunsar matakai da yawa:
1. Allon mai sarrafa wutar lantarki (semiconductive) don sassauta filin wutar lantarki a saman mai sarrafa wutar lantarki.
2. Layin rufi (XLPE/EPR) a matsayin babban rufin rufi.
3. Allon rufewa (semiconductive) don sarrafa filin lantarki da kuma sauƙaƙe shigar da allon ƙarfe.
Kula da kauri na rufin yana da matuƙar muhimmanci. Rashin sirara yana haifar da lalacewar ƙarfin lantarki, yayin da kauri da yawa ke ƙara farashi kuma yana sa kebul ɗin ya zama mara sassauƙa. Ana yin sanyaya a hankali bayan an fitar da shi, sau da yawa ana amfani da kwano na ruwa mai sarrafa zafin jiki don hana lahani na abu (raguwa, kumfa, ko ƙananan fasa).
6. Shigar da allo da garkuwa
Ga kebul na mita da yawa (MV) da wasu kebul na sarrafawa masu mahimmanci, ana amfani da allon ƙarfe (yawanci jan ƙarfe) a cikin nau'in tef ko waya. Allon yana aiki azaman hanyar zuwa ga kwararar wuta kuma yana aiki azaman garkuwar lantarki. Ga kebul da ke cikin yanayin injin turbin iska tare da na'urorin lantarki da yawa, kariya yana taimakawa rage tsangwama.
Ana gudanar da tsarin shigar da allo ta amfani da na'urar tef ko kitso. Ana gwada yawan saƙa, lanƙwasa tef, da kuma ci gaban allo don tabbatar da cewa sun cika buƙatun aminci da jituwa ta lantarki (EMC).
7. Sulke: kariyar injiniya don yanayi mai tsanani
Ga kebul masu haɗarin fuskantar matsin lamba mai yawa na injiniya—kamar kebul na ƙarƙashin ƙasa ko na ƙarƙashin ruwa—ana ƙara musu sulke. A cikin tsarin jiragen ruwa, sulke kusan koyaushe yana da mahimmanci domin kebul ɗin dole ne ya jure matsin lamba na shigarwa, tasirinsa, da kuma yiwuwar lalacewa daga anka ko gogayya a ƙarƙashin teku.
Makamai na iya zama:
– Sulke na waya na ƙarfe (SWA) don ƙarfin juriya mai yawa.
– Sulke na tef ɗin ƙarfe (STA) don kariya daga matsin lamba.
– Sulken waya na aluminum a wasu ƙira don rage haɗarin tsatsa ta galvanic.
Ana sanya sulken ta amfani da wata na'ura ta musamman wadda ke kunna waya/tef ɗin akai-akai. Bayan haka, yawanci ana ƙara wani Layer na gado don hana sulken lalata layukan da ke ƙasa.
8. Fitar da jaket na waje: yanayi, juriyar UV da sinadarai
Mataki na gaba shine fitar da jaket ɗin waje (kumfa). A cikin injinan iska, jaket ɗin waje dole ne ya iya jurewa:
- hasken UV (musamman a bakin teku);
- ozone da yanayi mai tsanani,
- yawan danshi da kuma danshi,
– wasu mai da man shafawa a cikin nacelle,
- abrasion saboda vibration ko gogayya.
Ana amfani da kayan jaket sau da yawa don juriya ga yanayi mai kyau, LSZH (ƙananan halogen hayaƙi) don kare gobara a wurare masu rufewa, ko PU don juriya ga gobara mai ƙarfi a aikace-aikacen da ke canzawa. Ana kuma amfani da alama (lambar kebul, girma, ƙarfin lantarki, shekarar ƙera, da daidaitaccen) a wannan matakin.
9. Gwaji da takaddun shaida masu inganci
Dole ne a yi gwaje-gwajen masana'antu da yawa (gwaji na yau da kullun da gwaje-gwajen nau'i). Wasu gwaje-gwajen da aka saba yi sun haɗa da:
- Gwajin juriyar mai gudanarwa da kuma duba girma.
- Gwajin ƙarfin lantarki mai yawa (hipot) don tabbatar da cewa rufin bai karye ba.
– Gwajin fitar da wani ɓangare (MV kawai) don gano ƙananan lahani a cikin rufin.
- Gwaje-gwajen tensile, lanƙwasawa, torsion, da gajiya don kebul masu aiki.
- Gwajin tsufa mai zafi, juriyar UV, da juriyar ruwa/danshi.
- Don kebul na ƙarƙashin ruwa: gwajin shigar ruwa, juriya ga lalata, da kuma wani lokacin gwajin matsin lamba.
Idan an yi nufin kebul ɗin ne don wani takamaiman aiki, masana'anta kuma suna shirya takaddun gano kayan, rahotannin gwaji, da takaddun shaida na bin ƙa'idodin da ake buƙata.
10. Marufi, ajiya da kuma isar da kayan aiki zuwa wurin aikin
Bayan an ci jarrabawar, ana ɗaure kebul ɗin a kan ganga na katako ko ƙarfe mai diamita na musamman don hana lanƙwasawa da yawa. Ga dogayen kebul, kamar kebul na fitarwa daga ƙasashen waje, ana iya jigilar kaya ta amfani da tasoshin ruwa na musamman masu tsarin carousel. Ajiya kuma yana buƙatar kulawa sosai ga zafin jiki, hasken rana kai tsaye, da matsayin ganga don hana lalacewar kebul.
Tsarin sarrafa kebul da ja shi a wurin yana da matuƙar muhimmanci ga tsawon rayuwarsa. Ko da kebul masu inganci za a iya lalacewa idan aka wuce radius ɗin lanƙwasa, an wuce ƙarfin, ko kuma idan ba a ɗaure ƙarshen kebul ɗin yadda ya kamata ba, wanda hakan zai ba da damar danshi ya shiga tsarin kebul ɗin.
Penutup
Tsarin kera kebul na tsarin samar da wutar lantarki ta iska ya haɗa da injiniyan kayan aiki, sarrafa inganci mai tsauri, da ƙira da aka tsara don yanayin aiki na injin turbin. Daga zana waya, zare, fitar da rufin gida, shigar da allo, sanya sulke, har ma da jaket na waje, kowane mataki yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tabbatar da cewa kebul ɗin zai iya isar da makamashi cikin aminci, inganci, da dorewa. Yayin da gonakin iska na teku da na teku ke faɗaɗa, buƙatar kebul masu inganci, sassauƙa, da juriya za su ci gaba da bunƙasa - wanda hakan ke sa fasahar kebul ta zama mabuɗin nasarar makamashin iska a nan gaba.
