Dokar iskar gas mai kyau (Daidaitaccen yanayin iskar gas mai kyau)

Labarin game da Dokar Iskar Gas Mai Kyau (Daidaitaccen Yanayin Iskar Gas Mai Kyau)

Dokokin iskar gas, waɗanda suka haɗa da dokar Boyle, dokar Charles, da dokar Gay-Lussac , ba su shafi dukkan yanayin iskar gas ba, wanda hakan ya sa bincikenmu ya fi wahala. Don sauƙaƙa nazarin, ana ƙirƙirar samfurin iskar gas mai kyau. Iskar gas mai kyau ba ta wanzu a rayuwar yau da kullun; kawai siffofi ne cikakke waɗanda aka ƙirƙira don sauƙaƙe bincike. Manufar iskar gas mai kyau kuma tana taimaka mana sosai wajen bincika alaƙar da ke tsakanin dokokin iskar gas guda uku.

Alaƙa tsakanin zafin jiki, girma da matsin lamba na iskar gas

Ta hanyar komawa ga dokokin iskar gas guda uku da ke sama, za mu iya samun ƙarin alaƙa tsakanin zafin jiki, girma da matsin lamba na iskar gas.

Idan aka haɗa lissafi na 1, lissafi na 2 da lissafi na 3 zuwa ɗaya, zai yi kama da haka: PV ∝ T → Ratio 4

Wannan rabo ya nuna cewa matsin lamba (P) da girma (V) sun yi daidai da cikakken zafin jiki (T).

Akasin haka, girma (V) yana daidai da matsin lamba (P).

An canza rabo na 4 zuwa lissafi:

Bayani:

P ₁ = matsin lamba na farko (Pa ko N/m ² )

P ₂ = matsin lamba na ƙarshe (Pa ko N/m ² )

V ₁ = ƙarar farko (m ³ )

V ₂ = ƙarar ƙarshe (m ³ )

T ₁ = zafin farko (K)

T ₂ = zafin jiki na ƙarshe (K)

(Pa = pascal, N = Newton, m ² = murabba'in mita, m ³ = cubic mita, K = Kelvin)

Alaƙa tsakanin nauyin iskar gas (m) da girma (V)

Idan aka hura balan-balan mai zafi, yawan iskar da ake sha, yawan faɗaɗawa take yi. A wata ma'anar, girman iskar, girman balan-balan ɗin ya fi girma. Za mu iya cewa nauyin iskar (m) ya yi daidai da girman iskar (V). A lissafi:

V ∝ m → Rabo 5

Idan aka haɗa lissafi na 4 da lissafi na 5 to:

PV ∝ mT → Kwatanta 6

Adadin moles (n)

mole 1 = nauyin wani abu wanda yayi daidai da nauyin kwayoyin halittar wannan abu. Tsarin kwayoyin halitta da nauyinsu sun bambanta.

Misali na 1, nauyin kwayoyin halitta na iskar oxygen (O2 ₎ = 16 u + 16 u = 32 u (kowane kwayar oxygen ya ƙunshi atom guda biyu na iskar oxygen, inda kowace kwayar oxygen tana da nauyin 16 u). Don haka, mole 1 na O2 _yana da nauyin gram 32. Ko kuma nauyin kwayoyin halitta na O2 ₌ gram 32/mol = 32 kg/kmol.

Misali na 2, nauyin kwayoyin halitta na iskar carbon monoxide (CO) = 12 u + 16 u = 28 u (kowane kwayar carbon monoxide ya ƙunshi kwayar carbon 1 (C) da kwayar oxygen 1 (O). Yawan kwayar carbon 1 = 12 u da nauyin kwayar oxygen 1 = 16 u. 12 u + 16 u = 28 u). Don haka, kwayar CO 1 tana da nauyin gram 28. Ko kuma nauyin kwayoyin halitta na CO = gram 28/mol = 28 kg/kmol.

Misali na 3, nauyin kwayoyin halitta na iskar carbon dioxide (CO2 ₎ = [12 u + (2 x 16 u)] = [12 u + 32 u] = 44 u (kowane kwayar carbon dioxide ya ƙunshi kwayar carbon 1 (C) da kuma kwayar oxygen 2 (O). Nauyin kwayar carbon 1 = 12 u da nauyin kwayar oxygen 1 = 16 u). Don haka, kwayar CO ₂ 1 tana da nauyin gram 44. Ko kuma nauyin kwayoyin halitta na CO ₂ = gram 44/mol = 44 kg/kmol.

Adadin moles (n) na wani abu = rabon nauyin abu da nauyin kwayoyin halittarsa. An rubuta shi ta hanyar lissafi kamar haka:

Misali na 1: Lissafa adadin moles a cikin gram 64 na O₂

Nauyin O2 ₌ gram 64

Misali na 2: Lissafa adadin moles a cikin gram 280 na CO

Nauyin CO2 = gram 280

Misali na 3: Lissafa adadin moles a cikin gram 176 na CO₂

Nauyin CO2 ₌ gram 176

Daidaiton iskar gas na duniya (R)

Bisa ga binciken da masana kimiyya suka gudanar, an gano cewa idan aka yi amfani da adadin moles (n) don bayyana girman wani abu, ma'aunin daidaito na kowane iskar gas yana da ƙima iri ɗaya. Ma'aunin daidaito na daidaito da ake magana a kai shine ma'aunin gas na duniya (R).

R = 8,315 J/mol.K

= 8315 kJ/kmol.K

= 0,0821 (L.atm) / (mol.K)

= 1,99 kalori / mol. K

(J = Joule, K = Kelvin, L = lita, atm = yanayi, cal = kalori)

DOKAR GAS MAI KYAU (a cikin moles)

Ana iya canza kwatancen da ke sama zuwa lissafi ta hanyar shigar da adadin moles (n) da kuma daidaitaccen iskar gas na duniya (R).

PV = nRT

Ana kiran wannan lissafin da dokar iskar gas mai kyau ko kuma daidaitaccen lissafin iskar gas na jihar.

Bayani:

P = matsin lamba na iskar gas (N/ ^m2 )

V = girman iskar gas ( ^m3 )

n = adadin moles (mol)

R = daidaitaccen iskar gas na duniya (R = 8,315 J/mol.K)

T = cikakken zafin iskar gas (K)

Idan ana magance matsaloli, za a ci karo da kalmar STP. STP tana nufin Matsakaicin Zafin Jiki da Matsi.

Matsakaicin zafin jiki (T) = 0 ^o C = 273 K

Matsi na yau da kullun (P) = 1 atm = 1,013 x 10 ⁵ N/m ² = 1,013 x 10 ² kPa = 101 kPa

A yayin magance matsalolin dokar iskar gas, dole ne a nuna zafin jiki a ma'aunin Kelvin (K).

Idan matsin iskar gas har yanzu matsi ne na aunawa, to da farko a mayar da shi zuwa matsin lamba mai cikakken iko.

Matsi mai cikakken ƙarfi = matsin lamba na yanayi + matsin lamba na ma'auni (matsin lamba na yanayi = matsin lamba na waje na iska)

Idan abin da aka sani shine matsin lamba a yanayi (babu matsin lamba na ma'auni), warware matsalar kai tsaye.

Misali tambaya ta 1:

A matsin lamba na yanayi (101 kPa), zafin iskar carbon dioxide = 20 ^oC da girmanta = lita 2. Idan aka canza matsin zuwa 201 kPa kuma aka ƙara zafin zuwa 40 ^oC , a ƙididdige ƙarar ƙarshe na iskar carbon dioxide.

Tattaunawa

An san cewa:

P ₁ = 101 kPa

P ₂ = 201 kPa

T ₁ = 20 ^o C + 273 K = 293 K

T ₂ = 40 ^o C + 273 K = 313 K

V ₁ = lita 2

An tambaya: V ₂

Amsa:

Misali tambaya ta 2:

Ƙayyade girman moles 2 na iskar gas a STP (zaton cewa wannan iskar gas ce mai kyau)

Tattaunawa

Yawan moles 2 na iskar gas a STP (zafin jiki da matsin lamba na yau da kullun) shine lita 44,8.

Misali tambaya ta 3:

Yawan iskar oxygen a STP = 20 m3 ^. Menene nauyin iskar oxygen?

Tattaunawa

Nauyin iskar oxygen na kwayoyin halitta = gram 32/mol (nauyin iskar oxygen 1 = gram 32). Don haka, nauyin iskar oxygen shine:

taro (m) = adadin moles (n) x nauyin kwayoyin halitta

nauyi = (moles 893) x (gram 32/mol) = gram 28576 = kg 28,576

Misali tambaya ta 4:

Tanki yana ɗauke da lita 4 na iskar oxygen (O2 ₎ . Zafin iskar oxygen shine 20 ^oC kuma matsin lamba da aka auna shine 20 x 10 ⁵ N/m2 ^. Kayyade nauyin iskar oxygen (nauyin oxygen na kwayoyin halitta = 32 kg/kmol = gram 32/mol)

Tattaunawa

DOKAR GAS MAI KYAU (Da adadin ƙwayoyin halitta)

Idan muka bayyana girman wani abu ba ta hanyar taro (m) ba, amma ta hanyar adadin moles (n), to ma'aunin iskar gas na duniya (R) ya shafi dukkan iskar gas. Amedeo Avogadro (1776-1856), masanin kimiyya ɗan Italiya ne ya fara gano wannan.

Avogadro ya ce idan girma, matsin lamba da zafin kowace iskar gas iri ɗaya ne, to kowace iskar gas tana da adadin ƙwayoyin halitta iri ɗaya.

Ana kiran jumlar da aka yi da harafin rubutu mai kauri da Avogadro's hypothesis. Hasashe na Avogadro, ko zato, ya yi daidai da gaskiyar cewa madaidaitan R iri ɗaya ne ga dukkan iskar gas. Ga wasu shaidu:

Da farko , idan muka magance matsalar ta amfani da daidaitaccen lissafin dokar iskar gas (PV = nRT), za mu ga cewa lokacin da adadin moles (n) iri ɗaya ne, matsin lamba da zafin jiki suma iri ɗaya ne, to girman dukkan gas zai zama iri ɗaya, idan muka yi amfani da madaidaicin iskar gas na duniya (R = 8,315 J/mol.K). A STP, kowane iskar gas da ke da adadin moles iri ɗaya (n) zai sami girma iri ɗaya. Girman moles 1 na iskar gas a STP = lita 22,4. Girman moles 2 na iskar gas = lita 44,8. Girman moles 3 na iskar gas = lita 67,2. Da sauransu… wannan ya shafi dukkan iskar gas.

Na biyu , adadin kwayoyin halitta a cikin mole 1 iri ɗaya ne ga dukkan iskar gas. Adadin kwayoyin halitta a cikin mole 1 = adadin kwayoyin halitta a kowace mole = lambar Avogadro (NA ₎ . Don haka lambar Avogadro iri ɗaya ce ga dukkan iskar gas.

Ana samun girman lambar Avogadro ta hanyar aunawa:

NA = 6,02 x 10 Kwayoyin halitta ²³ /mol

Domin samun jimillar adadin kwayoyin halitta (N), za mu iya ninka adadin kwayoyin halitta a kowace kwayar halitta (NA) da adadin kwayoyin halitta (n).

Wannan shine daidaitaccen lissafin dokar iskar gas dangane da adadin ƙwayoyin halitta.

Bayani:

P = Matsi

V = girma

N = Jimlar adadin ƙwayoyin halitta

k = Boltzmann Constant (k = 1,38 x 10 ^‐23 J/K)

T = Zafin jiki

Volume

Lita 1 (L) = millilita 1000 (mL) = santimita 1000 cubic (cm ³ )

Lita 1 (L) = 1 cubic decimeter (dm ³ ) = 1 x 10 ^‐3 m ³

Tekanan

1 N/m ² = 1 Pa

1 atm = 1,013 x 10 ⁵ N/m ² = 1,013 x 10 ⁵ Pa = 101,3 x 10 ² kPa = 101.3 kPa (yawanci ana amfani da 101 kPa)

Pa = pascal

yanayi = atm

Makamashin ciki na iskar gas mai kyau

Makamashin ciki na iskar gas mai kyau ta monatomic

Makamashin ciki na iskar gas mai kyau ta monatomic shine jimlar kuzarin motsi na fassara na ƙwayoyin iskar gas mai kyau ta monatomic. Jimlar kuzarin motsi na fassara na ƙwayoyin iskar gas mai kyau = samfurin matsakaicin kuzarin motsi na fassara na kowane ƙwayar ta hanyar adadin ƙwayoyin (N). A lissafi:

Bayani:

U = Makamashin ciki na iskar gas mai kyau ta monoatomic (J)

N = Adadin ƙwayoyin halitta

k = Boltzmann Constant (k = 1,38 x 10 ^‐23 J/K)

T = Cikakken zafin jiki (K)

n = Adadin moles (mol)

R = Daidaiton iskar gas na duniya (R = 8,315 J/mol.K = 8315 kJ/kmol.K)

Makamashi a cikin iskar gas mai kyau ta diatomic

Makamashin ciki na iskar diatomic manufa mai kyau shine jimlar kuzarin motsi na fassara, kuzarin motsi na juyawa, da kuzarin motsi na girgiza na ƙwayoyin iskar diatomic manufa mai kyau. Dangane da ƙa'idar daidaita kuzari, kuzarin ciki na iskar diatomic manufa mai kyau shine:

U = 5/2 n RT

Makamashi a cikin iskar gas mai kyau ta polyatomic

Makamashin ciki na iskar polyatomic manufa mai ƙarfi shine jimlar kuzarin motsi na fassara, kuzarin motsi na juyawa, da kuzarin motsi na girgiza na ƙwayoyin iskar polyatomic manufa mai ƙarfi. Dangane da ƙa'idar daidaita kuzari, kuzarin ciki na iskar polyatomic manufa mai ƙarfi shine:

U = 7/2 n RT

Makamashi a cikin iskar gas ta gaske

Makamashin da ke cikin iskar gas ta gaske ya dogara ne da zafin jiki. Idan matsin lamba na iskar gas ta gaske ya yi yawa sosai (ƙarfin iskar gas ta gaske ƙarami ne), iskar gas ta gaske ta fara nuna ɗabi'ar karkacewa. Saboda haka, za a iya cewa makamashin da ke cikin iskar gas ta gaske ya dogara ne da matsin lamba da girma.