Ka'idoji Game da Kasancewar Antimatter
Antimatter yana ɗaya daga cikin ra'ayoyi mafi ban sha'awa a kimiyyar kimiyyar zamani domin yana kama da "tagwaye" na abin da muka sani, amma yana da halaye akasin haka. A cikin tunanin jama'a, antimatter galibi ana kwatanta shi a matsayin mai ƙarfi ko wani abu mai haɗari saboda yana iya "fashewa" lokacin da ya taɓa abu. Duk da haka, bayan labarin almara na kimiyya, antimatter wani abu ne na zahiri, wanda aka lura da shi, aka samar, kuma aka yi nazari a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje. Babban tambaya ita ce: idan antimatter ya kamata ya wanzu a adadi mai kama da abu, me yasa duniyar da muke gani ta ƙunshi kusan gaba ɗaya daga abu?
Fahimtar Antimatter da Asalin Ra'ayi
A fannin kimiyyar lissafi, kowace ƙwayar halitta gabaɗaya tana da takwarar antiparticle. Antiparticles suna da nauyin iri ɗaya da na takwarorinsu, amma akasin cajin lantarki da wasu lambobi da yawa. Misali mafi sauƙi shine electron mai caji mara kyau, yayin da takwarar antiparticle ɗinta shine positron mai caji mai kyau. Hakazalika, protons suna da antiprotons, neutrons suna da antineutrons, da sauransu.
Ra'ayin antimatter ya samo asali ne daga ci gaban ka'idar kwantum da kuma alaƙa. A ƙarshen shekarun 1920, Paul Dirac ya tsara lissafin Dirac don bayyana electrons a matsayin masu alaƙa. Wannan lissafin ya samar da mafita ta lissafi wadda da farko ta zama mai rikitarwa: ban da mafita mai kyau ta makamashi, akwai kuma mafita ta makamashi "mara kyau". Maimakon yin watsi da shi, Dirac ya fassara wannan mafita a matsayin yana nuna wanzuwar wani barbashi mai kama da electron amma tare da cajin akasin haka. An tabbatar da wannan hasashen a 1932 lokacin da Carl Anderson ya gano positron a cikin hanyar haskoki na sararin samaniya. Tun daga lokacin, antimatter ya zama muhimmin ɓangare na kimiyyar lissafi na barbashi.
Yadda Antimatter Ke "Waye" a Yanayi
A ka'ida, antimatter na iya wanzuwa ta hanyoyi da dama:
1. Samar da kayayyaki biyu
Ƙarfin kuzari mai yawa zai iya canzawa zuwa nau'ikan barbashi-antiparticle. Misali, photon mai ƙarfi mai yawa zai iya samar da electron da positron. Wannan tsari yana buƙatar yanayi mai tsauri, kamar kusa da ƙwayoyin atomic masu nauyi, a kusa da taurarin neutron, ko kuma a cikin karo da ƙwayoyin barbashi masu ƙarfi.
2. Hasken sararin samaniya da abubuwan da suka faru na ilmin taurari
Antimatter kuma yana samuwa ta halitta lokacin da haskoki na sararin samaniya suka yi karo da yanayi ko kuma kwayoyin halitta na interstellar. Saboda haka, ana iya gano positrons da antiprotons ta hanyar kayan aikin sararin samaniya. Duk da haka, adadinsu ƙanana ne, sun fi kama da "ƙura" fiye da babban ɓangaren sararin samaniya.
3. Halayen nukiliya masu ƙarfi
A cikin abubuwan da suka faru na musamman kamar fashewar supernova, jiragen ruwa na black hole, ko fashewar gamma-ray, babban kuzari na iya haifar da ƙwayoyin cuta daban-daban, gami da antiparticles.
Ko da yake yana nan a yanayi, anti matter yana saurin "ɓacewa" idan ya haɗu da abu kuma ya sha wahala.
Halakar Abubuwa: Abubuwa Sun Haɗu da Antimatter
Idan ƙwayar cuta ta haɗu da sinadarin da ke cikinta, za su iya lalata junansu, suna mayar da taro zuwa makamashi, yawanci a cikin nau'in gamma photons ko wasu ƙwayoyin cuta. Wannan shine dalilin da ya sa antimatter yake kama da "ba kasafai ake samu ba" a rayuwar yau da kullun: duniyarmu tana ƙarƙashin iko da kwayoyin halitta, don haka idan wani antimatter ya bayyana, zai yi karo da abin da ke kewaye da shi da sauri.
Rushewa ba yana nufin "ɓacewa ba tare da wata alama ba," a'a, canji ne na makamashi bisa ga ƙa'idar Einstein ta kiyaye makamashi da makamashin da aka tara (E=mc²). Wannan tsari shine abin da ya sa antimate ya zama abin sha'awa a ka'ida ga makamashi, amma yana da wahalar amfani da shi a zahiri saboda samarwa da adana shi suna da ƙalubale sosai.
Ka'idar Ma'adinai-Rashin Daidaito (Rashin Daidaito na Baryon)
Ɗaya daga cikin manyan tambayoyi a fannin ilmin sararin samaniya shine: me yasa duniya ke mamaye da kwayoyin halitta? Idan Big Bang ya samar da daidai adadin kwayoyin halitta da kwayoyin halitta, da sun halaka junansu, suka bar duniya cike da hasken rana kawai. Gaskiyar cewa akwai taurari, taurari, duniyoyi, da mutane yana nuna cewa da farko akwai ƙaramin "wuce gona da iri" na kwayoyin halitta akan kwayoyin halitta.
Ana kiran wannan lamari a matsayin rashin daidaito na baryon. Domin bayyana dalilin da yasa akwai baryons da yawa (kamar protons da neutrons) fiye da antibaryons, masana kimiyyar lissafi suna komawa ga yanayi da aka sani da yanayin Sakharov (1967), waɗanda sune yanayi uku da duniya za ta haifar da rashin daidaiton abu:
1. Dole ne a sami wani tsari da ke keta kiyaye lambar baryon.
2. Dole ne a sami keta daidaiton C (caji) da CP (charge-parity).
3. Dole ne yanayi ya faru a waje da daidaiton zafi.
A cikin Tsarin Daidaitaccen Tsarin Kimiyyar Kwayoyin Halitta (Standard Model of barbashi physics), akwai keta CP (misali, a cikin lalacewar wasu mesons), amma girmansa bai isa ya bayyana rinjayen abu da muke gani ba. Wannan yana buɗe yiwuwar sabon kimiyyar lissafi fiye da Tsarin Daidaitaccen Tsarin.
Siffar CPT da Halayen Jiki na Antimatter
A cikin tsarin ka'idar filin kwantum, akwai wata muhimmiyar ƙa'ida da ake kira similar CPT, haɗuwa da sauye-sauye guda uku: C (maye gurbin barbashi da ƙwayoyin cuta), P (maye gurbin daidaitawar sarari kamar madubi), da T (maye gurbin alkiblar lokaci). Gabaɗaya, ka'idoji masu dacewa da alaƙa da makanikan kwantum suna annabta cewa ya kamata a kiyaye CPT.
Saboda haka, antimatter yakamata ya kasance yana da kamanceceniya da ma'adinai, kamar taro iri ɗaya da kuma nau'in makamashin atomic iri ɗaya (tare da alamun caji daban-daban). Gwaje-gwajen da aka yi daidai, gami da aunawa akan antihydrogen, suna ci gaba da gwada ko antimatter yayi kama da ma'auni a duk fannoni da aka annabta. Zuwa yanzu, babu wani bambance-bambance da ya karya CPT da aka gano, amma gwaje-gwajen suna ƙara zama masu tsauri akan lokaci.
Maganin Hakora da Kokarin Kama Maganin Hakora
Wani muhimmin ci gaba shi ne nasarar ƙirƙirar da kama antihydrogen, kwayar zarra da ta ƙunshi antiproton da positron. Gwaje-gwaje a CERN, kamar ALPHA, sun yi nasarar riƙe antihydrogen a cikin tarko mai maganadisu na tsawon lokaci don auna halayensa. Auna bakan antihydrogen idan aka kwatanta da na hydrogen na yau da kullun yana ba da hanya mai matuƙar mahimmanci don gwada daidaitattun asali.
Babban ƙalubalen da ake fuskanta a binciken hana abubuwa shi ne adanawa. Ba za a iya adana maganin hana abubuwa a cikin kwantena na yau da kullun ba saboda zai iya haɗuwa da bangon, waɗanda suka ƙunshi abu. Saboda haka, ana amfani da tarkunan lantarki a cikin yanayin zafi mai yawa da kuma yanayin zafi mai ƙarancin gaske don ba da damar ƙwayoyin su "yi tsalle" ba tare da sun taɓa abu ba.
Maganin Kariya da Nauyi: Shin Abu Daya Ne?
Wata tambaya mai ban sha'awa: ta yaya antimatter ke mayar da martani ga nauyi? A cewar ka'idar dangantakar gabaɗaya, nauyi ya dogara ne akan kuzari da taro, don haka antimatter ya kamata ya faɗi ƙasa kamar abu. Duk da haka, auna wannan kai tsaye yana da matuƙar wahala saboda antimatter yana da wahalar ƙirƙirawa da riƙewa.
Gwaje-gwaje na zamani suna ƙoƙarin auna saurin faɗuwar antihydrogen. Idan ya bayyana cewa antimatter ya faɗi ta wata hanya daban, zai zama babban bincike wanda zai girgiza fahimtarmu game da nauyi da daidaiton yanayi. Amma yawancin manyan ka'idoji ba su annabta manyan bambance-bambance ba; abin da suke nema ƙananan karkacewa ne da za su iya bayyana sabon kimiyyar lissafi.
Ka'idar Antimatter a Kimiyyar Kwaikwayo: Shin Akwai "Sararin Antimatter"?
Wani tunani da aka daɗe ana yi a fannin kimiyyar sararin samaniya shine yiwuwar manyan yankuna na sararin samaniya waɗanda antimatter ke mamaye su, kamar taurarin antimatter ko tarin taurari. Idan gaskiya ne, iyakar da abu da antimatter suka haɗu zai samar da haskoki masu kama da gamma waɗanda ke da alaƙa da halaka mai girma.
Zuwa yanzu, binciken ilmin taurari bai sami wata shaida mai ƙarfi ba game da "yankin hana abubuwa" a nesa kusa da sararin samaniya. Bayanan hasken gamma da ma'aunin hasken sararin samaniya suna nuna cewa sararin samaniyar da ake iya gani yana ƙarƙashin iko da abu. Duk da haka, binciken ya ci gaba, misali, ta amfani da na'urorin gano abubuwa a sararin samaniya waɗanda ke neman ƙwayoyin antihelium ko wasu ƙwayoyin cuta masu nauyi da ba a saba gani ba.
Penutup
Ka'idar wanzuwar antimatter ba wai kawai hasashe ba ne, amma ainihin wani ɓangare ne na kimiyyar lissafi, wanda aka tabbatar ta hanyar gwaje-gwaje. Antimatter yana wanzuwa a matsayin sakamako mai kyau na daidaitattun daidaito na kayan aikin kwantum na relativistic, wanda aka tabbatar ta hanyar gano positron, samar da antiparticles a cikin accelerators, da ƙirƙirar antihydrogen. Duk da haka, babban asiri ya rage: me yasa duniya ke "zaɓar" abu fiye da antimatter?
Domin amsa wannan tambayar, masana kimiyya suna gwada karya ka'idar CP, suna kwatanta halayen hydrogen da antihydrogen daidai, kuma suna binciken yadda antimatter ke aiki a cikin nauyi. Kowane ma'auni mai daidaito zai iya buɗe ƙofa ga sabbin fahimta game da asalin sararin samaniya, dokokinsa na asali, da kuma wataƙila ma kimiyyar lissafi fiye da Tsarin Daidaitacce. Antimatter, a ƙarshe, ba kawai akasin abu bane, amma madubi ne wanda zai iya bayyana ko fahimtarmu game da yanayi ta cika ko kuma har yanzu tana da sirrika masu zurfi.
