Sigmund Freud da kuma nazarin halayyar ɗan adam
Pendahuluan
Sigmund Freud yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan mutane a tarihin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam da nazarin halayyar ɗan adam. An haife shi a ranar 6 ga Mayu, 1856, a Freiberg, Moravia (yanzu Příbor, Jamhuriyar Czech), Freud ƙwararren likitan jijiyoyi ne kuma wanda ya kafa nazarin halayyar ɗan adam, wata hanya mai sauyi don fahimtar tunanin ɗan adam da halayensa. Wannan labarin zai tattauna rayuwar Freud, ci gaban ka'idarsa, da kuma tasiri da sukar nazarin halayyar ɗan adam.
Rayuwa da Ilimi na Freud
An haifi Freud a cikin dangin Yahudawa masu matsakaicin matsayi. A farkon shekarunsa na samartaka, iyalinsa sun ƙaura zuwa Vienna, Austria, inda Freud ya shafe mafi yawan rayuwarsa. An san shi a matsayin ɗalibi mai hazaka sosai, Freud ya shiga Kwalejin Likitanci a Jami'ar Vienna a shekarar 1873 kuma ya kammala karatun digirin digirgir a shekarar 1881.
Bayan kammala karatunsa na likitanci, Freud ya yi aiki a asibitoci daban-daban a Vienna, musamman babban asibiti, inda ya sami suna a matsayin ƙwararren likitan jijiyoyi. Aikinsa da marasa lafiya da ke fama da cututtukan jijiyoyi ya haifar da sha'awarsa ga asalin cututtukan jiki.
Ci gaban Ilimin Halayyar Dan Adam
An fara nazarin tunanin ɗan adam tun daga farkon shekarun Freud a matsayin likitan likitanci. Freud ya yi imanin cewa yawancin matsalolin kwakwalwa na marasa lafiyarsa sun samo asali ne daga rikice-rikice da raunuka da aka ɓoye a cikin sume. Wannan ka'idar ta karya ra'ayin gargajiya na lokacin, wanda ya jaddada cewa duk cututtukan kwakwalwa suna da dalilai na ilimin halittar jiki.
Jean-Martin Charcot da Josef Breuer ne suka gabatar da Freud ga hypnosis, waɗanda suka yi amfani da shi don magance hysteria. Duk da haka, Freud daga ƙarshe ya ƙirƙiri nasa dabarar, wacce ba ta ɗaukar lokaci da yawa ba kuma mafi inganci: haɗin kai kyauta. Ta wannan hanyar, marasa lafiya suna magana cikin 'yanci game da duk abin da ya zo musu a rai, wanda ya ba Freud damar gano yanayin tunani da rikice-rikicen cikin gida.
Tsarin Halayyar Mutum
Ɗaya daga cikin manyan gudummawar da Freud ya bayar ga ilimin halayyar ɗan adam shine ka'idarsa ta tsarin halayen mutum, wanda aka raba zuwa manyan sassa uku: Id, Ego, da Superego.
1. Id: Wannan shine babban ɓangaren halayen ɗan adam wanda ke aiki akan ƙa'idar jin daɗi. Id yana motsa mu mu biya buƙatun asali da ilhami nan da nan, ba tare da la'akari da gaskiya ko ɗabi'a ba.
2. Girman kai: Yana aiki a matsayin mai shiga tsakani tsakanin Id da gaskiyar waje. Girman kai yana aiki ne bisa ƙa'idar gaskiya, yana neman biyan buƙatun Id ta hanyar gaskiya da kuma bisa ga ƙa'idodin zamantakewa.
3. Superego: Ya ƙunshi ɗabi'un ɗabi'a da ɗabi'a waɗanda iyaye da al'umma suka ƙirƙira. Superego yana ƙoƙarin kiyaye manyan ƙa'idodi na ɗabi'a, sau da yawa yana saɓa wa sha'awar id.
A cewar Freud, tashin hankali da rikici tsakanin waɗannan abubuwa uku sune tushen yawancin halayen ɗan adam. Wannan rikici yakan faru ne ba tare da saninsa ba, wanda ke haifar da bayyanar cututtuka daban-daban kamar mafarkai, zamewar harshe, da alamun cututtukan jijiyoyi.
Matakan Ilimin Jima'i
Freud ya kuma ƙirƙiro ka'idar ci gaban halayyar ɗan adam, wadda ta jaddada cewa abubuwan da suka faru a lokacin ƙuruciya suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin halayyar ɗan adam da ci gaban hali na gaba. Ya raba wannan ci gaban zuwa matakai biyar:
1. Matakin Baki (watanni 0-18): Babban abin da ake mayar da hankali a kai shi ne baki, kuma ana samun gamsuwa ta hanyar ayyuka kamar tsotsa da cizo.
2. Matakin Duwatsu (watanni 18-shekara 3): Gamsuwa da ta shafi sarrafawa da kuma sakin fitar da jiki.
3. Matakin Phallic (shekaru 3-6): Yara suna sanin al'aurarsu kuma suna da fifiko sosai ga iyayen jinsi ɗaya (Oedipus/Electra complex).
4. Matakin Latency (shekaru 6-balaga): Wannan lokacin yana da alaƙa da kwanciyar hankali na sha'awar jima'i da kuma mai da hankali kan ci gaban zamantakewa da tunani.
5. Matakin Al'aura (balaga da bayan haka): Ƙarfin jima'i yana sake farfaɗowa kuma yana mai da hankali ga dangantakar maza da mata.
Freud ya yi jayayya cewa idan ba a warware rikice-rikicen da ke tasowa a kowanne daga cikin waɗannan matakai yadda ya kamata ba, mutum zai iya zama "makale" ko kuma ya fuskanci matsaloli da za su shafi halayensa na gaba.
Hanyoyin Maganin Psychoanalytic
Maganin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam yana da nufin gano da kuma magance rikice-rikicen cikin gida da raunuka da ke ɓoye a cikin sume. Manyan dabarun da Freud da mabiyansa suka yi amfani da su sun haɗa da:
1. Haɗin kai Kyauta: Ana buƙatar marasa lafiya su yi magana game da duk abin da ya zo musu a rai. Ta wannan tsari, masu ilimin hanyoyin kwantar da hankali za su iya taimaka wa marasa lafiya su gano tsarin tunani da ba su sani ba.
2. Binciken Mafarki: Freud ya yi imanin cewa mafarkai wata hanya ce ta shiga cikin tunanin mutum kuma suna iya bayyana ɓoyayyun sha'awa da rikice-rikice.
3. Canja wurin aiki: Wannan ya ƙunshi majiyyaci ya bayyana ji ga mai ilimin hanyoyin kwantar da hankali wanda a zahiri yake nuna yadda yake ji ga wasu manyan mutane a rayuwarsa. Ta hanyar sarrafa canjin aiki, rikice-rikicen cikin gida za a iya warware su cikin sauƙi.
Tasiri da Suka
Tasirin Freud akan ilimin halayyar ɗan adam da sauran fannoni masu alaƙa yana da zurfi. Ka'idojinsa sun yi tasiri ga yadda muke fahimtar halayen mutum, ci gaban yara, da kuma maganin tunani. Ra'ayoyi kamar hanyoyin kariya, dannewa, da rashin sani sun zama muhimman sassan ilimin halayyar ɗan adam na zamani da al'adun jama'a.
Duk da haka, Freud ya sami suka da yawa. Wannan sukar gabaɗaya ta mayar da hankali kan manyan batutuwa da dama:
1. Rashin Shaida Mai Ma'ana: Ka'idoji da yawa suna da wahala ko ma ba za a iya gwada su a kimiyyance ba.
2. Ma'anar Mafarki: Nazarin mafarki da dabarun haɗin kai na 'yanci suna da matuƙar tasiri ga ra'ayin mutum, wanda hakan ke sa sakamakon magani ya dogara da fassarar mai ilimin hanyoyin kwantar da hankali.
3. Son Zuciya ga Jinsi: Wasu daga cikin ka'idojin Freud, musamman waɗanda suka shafi ci gaban halayyar ɗan adam, ana ɗaukar su a matsayin son zuciya ga mata.
Kammalawa
Sigmund Freud mutum ne mai muhimmanci a tarihin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam da nazarin halayyar ɗan adam. Duk da cewa ka'idojinsa suna da ce-ce-ku-ce kuma galibi ana muhawara a kansu, ba za a iya misalta tasirinsu kan yadda muke fahimtar tunanin ɗan adam ba. Nazarin halayyar ɗan adam ya buɗe ƙofar zuwa ga zurfafa hanyar kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa da cututtukan tunani, kuma duk da suka da gyare-gyare da yawa, ainihin ra'ayoyin ra'ayoyin Freud sun ci gaba kuma suna bunƙasa har zuwa yau. Fahimtarsa game da Id, Ego, da Superego, da kuma mahimmancin raunin yara a cikin ci gaban halayen mutum, gado ne mai ɗorewa na aikin Freud.
