Ra'ayin Karl Popper game da Ilimin Halittu
Karl Raimund Popper (1902–1994) wani masanin falsafa ne ɗan ƙasar Austria wanda ya yi tasiri sosai a fannin ilimin falsafa da kuma falsafar kimiyya. Ya fi shahara da sukar ra'ayinsa game da ra'ayin ma'ana da kuma shawararsa ta ƙarya a matsayin hanyar bambance tsakanin kimiyya da wanda ba kimiyya ba. A cikin wannan labarin, za mu yi nazari kan ra'ayoyin ilimin falsafa na Popper sosai, tun daga tushen ra'ayoyinsa har zuwa tasirin ka'idojinsa a fannoni daban-daban.
Bayani da Tarihin Halitta
An haifi Karl Popper a Vienna a farkon ƙarni na 20, lokacin da sabbin makarantun falsafa kamar su ilimin tunani da kuma Vienna Circle suka kai kololuwar tasirinsu. Vienna Circle ta yi imanin cewa ya kamata kimiyya ta dogara ne akan tabbatar da hujjoji da kuma tsarin dabaru. Popper, wanda ya haɗa sha'awar falsafa da kuma ilimin kimiyyar lissafi da ilimin halayyar ɗan adam, ya fara yin tambayoyi game da tushen ilimin tunani.
A matsayinsa na matashi mai tunani, Popper ya sami tasiri daga ci gaban ka'idar kwantum da kuma dangantaka, wanda ya gabatar da sabbin misalai a kimiyya kuma ya ba da misalai na lokuta inda dole ne a sake duba ko a yi watsi da ka'idojin da aka yarda da su a baya. Wannan gogewa ta ƙara ƙarfafa sukar Popper game da ra'ayin mai ra'ayin cewa akwai tabbataccen hujjar kimiyya.
Sukar Tabbatarwa
Manufar tabbatarwa, ra'ayin cewa dole ne a tabbatar da ilimin kimiyya ta hanyar lura da gwaji akai-akai, ɗaya ne daga cikin manyan sukar da Popper ya yi. A cewar Popper, tabbatarwa matsala ce ta asali saboda ba ta samar da isassun sharuɗɗa don bambance tsakanin kimiyya da kimiyyar ƙarya ko tatsuniyoyi ba. Misali, galibi ana iya "tabbatar" da ka'idojin tunani kamar Freudianism da Marxism ta hanyar bayanan gwaji, amma Popper ya fi kallon su a matsayin tsarin imani fiye da ka'idojin kimiyya.
Popper ya gabatar da cewa bai kamata kimiyya ta nemi tabbatar da hasashe ba, a maimakon haka ya kamata ta mayar da hankali kan ƙarya. A ra'ayin Popper, ana iya ɗaukar ka'ida a matsayin kimiyya ne kawai idan an gwada ta kuma za a iya musanta ta. A wata ma'anar, ka'idar da ba za a iya musantawa ba (ba za a iya musantawa ba) ba kimiyya ba ce.
Karya
Wannan ra'ayi na ƙarya yana da mahimmanci a cikin ilimin Popper kuma an san shi da ƙarya. A cewarsa, tsarin ci gaban kimiyya na zaman lafiya ne kuma mai ƙarfi, inda sabbin ka'idoji ke fitowa kuma ana gwada su ta hanyar gwaje-gwaje. Dole ne a yi watsi da ka'idojin da suka kasa jure gwajin gwaji na gwaji ko kuma a sake duba su.
Karya ta bambanta sosai da tabbatarwa. A cikin tsarin tabbatarwa, ana ɗaukar ka'ida da ƙarfi gwargwadon yadda shaidu suka goyi bayanta. Sabanin haka, a cikin ƙarya, ba a taɓa ɗaukar ka'ida da gaskiya gaba ɗaya ba, amma ana ɗaukarta a matsayin "ba a tabbatar da ita ba." Saboda haka, ka'idodin kimiyya koyaushe na ɗan lokaci ne kuma dole ne a ci gaba da gwada su da kyau.
Tasirin ƙarya ya yaɗu a fannoni daban-daban. Misali, a fannin kimiyyar lissafi, ana iya ganin ci gaban ka'idar dangantaka da makanikan kwantum a matsayin amfani da hanyoyin ƙarya don maye gurbin ko gyara tsoffin ka'idoji bisa ga sabbin bayanai na gwaji waɗanda ba su dace da hasashensu ba.
Ka'idar Ilimi a Matsayin Tsarin Juyin Halitta
Ɗaya daga cikin mafi girman tasirin da ke tattare da ƙaryar ƙarya shine cewa ana ɗaukar ilimin ɗan adam a matsayin tsarin juyin halitta. Popper ya yi jayayya cewa ci gaban ilimi yana kama da tsarin zaɓin halitta a cikin halittu masu rai. A duka halayen biyu, akwai bambance-bambance daban-daban (na ka'idoji ko halittu) waɗanda muhallinsu ya gwada. A cikin mahallin kimiyya, ana ɗaukar ka'idojin da ke jure gwajin gwaji na gwaji a matsayin 'masu tsira' har sai sabbin shaidu sun musanta su.
Popper ya sami kwarin gwiwa daga Darwiniyanci a hanyarsa ta ci gaban kimiyya. Ya yi jayayya cewa ba sai mun nemi "gaskiya cikakke ba," amma sai mu ci gaba da inganta ka'idojinmu don samun fahimtar duniya sosai. Ya jaddada muhimmancin suka mai gina jiki da tattaunawa ta kimiyya, inda kowace ka'ida ya kamata ta bar sarari don gyara ko maye gurbinta da mafi kyau.
Tasiri Kan Falsafar Kimiyya da Al'umma
Ra'ayoyin ilimin lissafi na Popper sun yi tasiri sosai kan yadda muke kallon kimiyya da hanyar kimiyya. Ta hanyar jaddada muhimmancin hanyoyin bincike da na ƙarya don ci gaban kimiyya, Popper ya sake fasalta abin da muke ɗauka a matsayin 'ilimin kimiyya'.
Baya ga tasirinsa a kimiyyar halitta, ana kuma amfani da ƙa'idodin Popper na ƙarya a kimiyyar zamantakewa, tattalin arziki, har ma da falsafar siyasa. A kimiyyar zamantakewa, misali, dole ne a gwada ka'idoji ta hanyar bayanan gwaji kuma a yi watsi da su idan sun saba wa shaidar da ake da ita. Wannan yana da muhimmiyar ma'ana ga hanyoyin bincike a cikin waɗannan fannoni.
A takaice dai, ra'ayoyin Popper na karya suna da alaƙa da al'adun suka a cikin al'umma. Ya jaddada cewa 'yancin tunani da 'yancin bayyana suka suna da mahimmanci don ci gaban ilimi. Don haka, rubutun Popper ya kuma yi kira da a samar da al'umma mai buɗaɗɗiya da dimokuraɗiyya, inda ake ƙarfafa muhawara da tattaunawa ta ilimi a matsayin kayan aikin ci gaba.
Kammalawa
Karl Popper ya ba da babbar gudummawa ga fahimtarmu game da ilimin kimiyya da hanyoyinsa ta hanyar fahimtarsa game da ƙarya. Ta hanyar ƙin tabbatarwa da kuma jaddada ƙarya, Popper ya samar da sabon tsari ga masana kimiyya don fuskantar ka'idoji da hasashe.
Bugu da ƙari, ra'ayoyinsa ba su takaita ga kimiyya ba, har ma suna da fa'idodi masu yawa ga kimiyyar zamantakewa har ma da falsafar siyasa, suna nuna mahimmancin suka mai gina jiki da kuma buɗewar hankali. Ra'ayin Popper yana gayyatarmu mu ɗauki kimiyya a matsayin tsari na juyin halittar ilimi wanda ake gwadawa da sabunta shi akai-akai.
Wannan labarin ya sake jaddada muhimmancin fahimtar ilimin Popper, wanda ya dace ba kawai ga masana kimiyya ba har ma ga waɗanda ke neman hanyar da ta dace da ilimi a rayuwar yau da kullun.
