Turbinan tururin a cikin tashoshin wutar lantarki
Turbines na tururi suna ɗaya daga cikin mahimman abubuwan da ke cikin tsarin samar da wutar lantarki, musamman a cikin tashoshin wutar lantarki na kwal (PLTU) da sauran tashoshin wutar lantarki daban-daban waɗanda ke amfani da zafi don samar da wutar lantarki. Waɗannan na'urori suna aiki ta hanyar canza zafin da matsin lamba na tururin ruwa zuwa makamashin inji a cikin nau'in juyawar shaft, wanda daga nan ke tura janareta don samar da wutar lantarki. Saboda ingancinsu da ƙarfin fasaha, turbines na tururi sun kasance ginshiƙin tsarin wutar lantarki da yawa a duk duniya, ko dai ta hanyar kwal, iskar gas (ta hanyar haɗuwar zagayowar), biomass, geothermal, ko makamashin nukiliya.
Ka'idar aiki na injin tururin tururi
A taƙaice dai, injin tururin yana aiki ne bisa ƙa'idar canza makamashi. Ana dumama ruwa a cikin tukunyar jirgi har sai ya zama tururin mai ƙarfi da zafi. Sannan ana tura wannan tururin zuwa injin tururin ta babban layin tururin. Yayin da tururin ke shiga injin tururin, yana faɗaɗa ta cikin bututun ruwa da ruwan wukake. Wannan faɗaɗa yana haifar da canji a cikin kuzari: matsin lamba da kuzarin zafi na tururin suna canzawa zuwa makamashin motsi (gudun kwararar tururi), wanda daga nan ake mayar da shi makamashin injiniya ta hanyar tura ruwan wukake, wanda ke sa injin rotor ya juya.
Na'urar juyawa tana juyawa tare da shaft ɗin turbine, wanda aka haɗa shi da janareta. Janareta yana amfani da ƙa'idar shigar da wutar lantarki don samar da wutar lantarki. Bayan wucewa ta matakin turbine, matsin lamba da zafin turbine suna raguwa. Daga nan turbine ɗin zai gudana zuwa na'urar sanyaya iska, inda za a mayar da shi ruwa, sannan a mayar da shi cikin tukunyar jirgi. Wannan jerin ana kiransa da zagayowar Rankine kuma shine tushen yawancin tashoshin wutar lantarki na turbine.
Babban sassan tsarin injin turbin tururi
Duk da cewa injin tururin yana kama da babban injin guda ɗaya, tsarin ya ƙunshi sassa da yawa da aka haɗa:
1. Injin samar da wutar lantarki ko injin tururi
Yana samar da tururin mai ƙarfi da zafin jiki mai yawa. Ingancin tururin (matsi, zafin jiki, da danshi) yana tasiri sosai ga aikin turbin da tsawon rayuwarsa.
2. Injin tururin tururi (babban ɓangare)
Ya ƙunshi ruwan rotor, casing, nozzle, da turbine. Tsarin ruwan da adadin matakai suna ƙayyade yadda injin turbine ke canza kuzarin tururi zuwa juyawa yadda ya kamata.
3. Gwamna da tsarin kulawa
Yana daidaita yawan kwararar tururin da ke shiga injin turbin ta hanyar bawul ɗin sarrafawa, yana kiyaye saurin juyawa ya daidaita koda kuwa nauyin wutar lantarki ya canza.
4. Janareta
Yana canza kuzarin injina na shaft zuwa makamashin lantarki. Saurin juyawa na injin turbine dole ne ya dace da mitar tsarin, misali, 50 Hz a Indonesia.
5. Na'urar sanyaya daki
Sanyaya tururin shaƙar injin turbin zuwa ruwa (condensate). Mai sanyaya yana taimakawa wajen samar da ƙarancin matsi (vacuum) a wurin fitar da injin turbin don haɓaka faɗaɗa tururin da kuma ƙara inganci.
6. Famfon ruwa da hita
Mayar da ruwa zuwa tukunyar ruwa da kuma ƙara ingancin injin ta hanyar amfani da zafin da ya rage.
Nau'ikan injinan tururi
Ana iya rarraba turbines na steam bisa ga wasu fannoni:
1. Dangane da ƙa'idar motsin rai da amsawa
– Turbine mai ƙarfi: tururi yana ƙaruwa a cikin bututun, sannan ya bugi ruwan roba. Canjin matsin lamba mafi rinjaye yana faruwa a bututun.
– Injin turbine mai amsawa: faɗaɗawa yana faruwa a cikin stator da rotor. A cikin wannan ƙira, ruwan wukake na rotor suma suna aiki azaman bututun ƙarfe.
A aikace, injinan turbines na zamani galibi suna amfani da haɗin motsin rai da amsawa tare da tsari mai tsari.
2. Dangane da matakin matsin lamba (HP, IP, LP)
A manyan tashoshin wutar lantarki, yawanci ana raba injin turbine zuwa sassa da dama:
– HP (Matsi Mai Girma): yana karɓar tururi mai ƙarfi daga tukunyar.
- IP (Matsakaicin Matsi): yana karɓar tururin da ya samo asali daga faɗaɗawa daga HP, sau da yawa bayan sake dumamawa.
– LP (Ƙarancin Matsi): mataki na ƙarshe tare da ƙarancin matsi, yawanci yana da mafi tsayin ruwan wukake da babban diamita.
Wannan rarrabawa yana taimakawa wajen ƙara inganci da kuma rage danshi a matakin ƙarshe wanda zai iya haifar da zaizayar ruwan wukake.
3. Dangane da alkiblar kwararar ruwa
– Gudun axial (wanda aka fi sani da shi): Gudun tururi a layi daya da gatari.
– Radial flow: tururi yana gudana a tsaye zuwa ga axis; ba a saba gani ba ga manyan tashoshin wutar lantarki.
Matsayin injinan tururin tururi a cikin ingancin tashar wutar lantarki
Ingancin tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta tururi yana da tasiri ga abubuwa da yawa, amma injin turbine yana taka muhimmiyar rawa domin yana aiki a matsayin "gada" tsakanin makamashin zafi da makamashin lantarki. Wasu dabarun inganta inganci da suka shafi injin turbine sun haɗa da:
– Ƙara matsin lamba da zafin tururi na farko: mafi girman sigogin tururi, ƙarin kuzari za a iya fitar da shi. Shuke-shuke masu tsananin ƙima da tsananin ƙima suna amfani da yanayin tururi mai ƙarfi don ƙara inganci.
– Sake dumamawa: tururin da ke fitowa daga injin HP yana sake dumamawa sannan ya shiga injin IP/LP, yana rage danshi a matakin ƙarshe kuma yana ƙara yawan aiki.
– Dumama ruwan ciyarwa mai sabuntawa: ana fitar da wasu tururi daga injin turbine don dumama ruwan ciyarwa, rage nauyin dumama akan tukunyar da kuma ƙara inganci gaba ɗaya.
– Kula da injin tsabtace iska: ƙarancin matsin lamba a cikin injin tsabtace iska yana ƙara yawan faɗaɗa injin tsabtace iska ta yadda aikin injin tsabtace iska zai ƙaru.
Bayan ƙirar thermodynamic, ingancin aikin yana kuma tasiri ta hanyar tsaftar ruwan wukake, daidaiton rotor, yanayin hatimi, da daidaiton tsarin sarrafawa.
Kalubalen aiki da kulawa
Turbines ɗin tururi suna aiki a ƙarƙashin yanayi mai tsanani: yanayin zafi mai yawa, matsin lamba mai yawa, da kuma saurin juyawa mai yawa. Saboda haka, kulawa yana da mahimmanci. Wasu matsalolin da aka saba fuskanta sun haɗa da:
1. Lalacewar ruwan wukake da tsatsa
Yana faruwa ne musamman a sashin LP saboda danshi da barbashi. Dole ne a kiyaye ƙirar mataki na ƙarshe da ingancin ruwan/kimiyya na tukunyar jirgi don rage lalacewa.
2. Girgiza da rashin daidaiton rotor
Girgizawar na iya faruwa ne sakamakon rashin daidaito, rashin daidaito, lalacewar ɗaukar kaya, ko rashin daidaiton yanayin kwararar tururi. Kula da girgiza muhimmin alama ne na lafiyar injinan turbine.
3. Lalacewar ɗaurin kaya da man shafawa
Tsarin shafawa dole ne ya kasance mai tsabta kuma mai karko. Gurɓatar mai na iya haifar da lalacewa cikin sauri da kuma ƙara haɗarin faɗuwa.
4. Gajiya mai zafi
Sau da yawa ana iya amfani da da'irar tsayawa (misali, saboda yawan kaya) wajen haifar da gajiyar kayan aiki. Saboda haka, dole ne a bi ƙa'idodi don hana saurin canjin yanayin zafi.
5. Zubar da hatimi
Zubar da tururi a hatimin na iya rage inganci da kuma ƙara yawan amfani da mai a kowace kWh.
Ta hanyar aiwatar da gyare-gyare bisa ga yanayi, na'urori masu auna firikwensin zamani (girgiza, zafin jiki, matsin lamba, da kuma nazarin mai) da kuma dubawa akai-akai, ana iya sarrafa injinan turbine cikin aminci da tattalin arziki.
Turbines na tururi da canjin makamashi
A cikin mahallin sauyin makamashi, injinan tururi suna da mahimmanci. Cibiyoyin samar da wutar lantarki na biomass da na geothermal suna amfani da injinan tururi sosai. A cikin cibiyoyin samar da wutar lantarki na nukiliya, injinan tururi muhimmin sashi ne saboda ana amfani da zafi daga injin don samar da tururi wanda ke juya injin. Bugu da ƙari, a cikin cibiyoyin samar da wutar lantarki na zagaye, ana amfani da zafi daga injinan iskar gas don samar da tururi a cikin Injin Samar da Tururi Maido da Zafi (HRSG), wanda daga nan yake tura injinan tururi don ƙara ƙarfi da inganci.
Injinan turbines na tururi suma sun fara taka rawa a cikin manufar sassaucin tsarin, misali, ingantattun damar bin diddigin kaya, haɗawa da ajiyar zafi, da kuma ingantaccen sarrafa dijital don mayar da martani ga canje-canjen kaya saboda shigar makamashi mai sabuntawa.
Kammalawa
Injin tururin tururin injin canza makamashi ne wanda ke canza tururin mai ƙarfi zuwa juyawa na inji don samar da wutar lantarki. Tare da goyon bayan tukunyar jirgi, na'urar sanyaya daki, famfo, da tsarin sarrafawa, injin tururin tururin yana samar da tushen zagayowar Rankine, tsarin da aka tabbatar da inganci tsawon sama da ƙarni. Nau'ikan injin tururin tururin da tsare-tsare - ko dai motsawa ko amsawa, ko rabuwar HP-IP-LP - an tsara su ne don haɓaka inganci yayin da ake kiyaye aminci. Duk da ƙalubale kamar zaizayar ruwa, girgiza, da gajiyar zafi, injin tururin tururin ya kasance fasaha mai mahimmanci a cikin cibiyoyin wutar lantarki daban-daban, gami da waɗanda ke tallafawa sauyin makamashi. Tare da ingantaccen kulawa da sabbin abubuwa a cikin kayan aiki da sarrafawa, injin tururin tururin zai ci gaba da taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen samar da wutar lantarki mai dorewa da inganci.
