Canjin Makamashi a Samar da Wutar Lantarki
Canza makamashi shine tsarin canza wani nau'in makamashi zuwa wani nau'i mai amfani ga buƙatun ɗan adam. A cikin mahallin samar da wutar lantarki, canza makamashi shine ginshiƙin yadda tashoshin wutar lantarki ke samar da wutar lantarki, wanda daga nan ake rarrabawa ga gidaje, masana'antu, da wurare daban-daban na jama'a. Kusan dukkan tsarin samar da wutar lantarki yana aiki ta hanyar jerin canje-canje na makamashi - daga makamashin sinadarai, zafi, da makamashin inji, daga ƙarshe zuwa makamashin lantarki. Fahimtar wannan tsarin canzawa yana da mahimmanci don fahimtar fa'idodi, ƙuntatawa, inganci, da tasirin muhalli na kowace fasahar samar da wutar lantarki.
1. Manufofi na asali game da makamashi da wutar lantarki
Ba za a iya ƙirƙirar ko lalata makamashi ba, amma yana iya canza tsari bisa ga dokar kiyaye makamashi. A halin yanzu, wutar lantarki wani nau'i ne na makamashi da ke da alaƙa da motsi na cajin lantarki (electrons). A tsarin wutar lantarki, galibi ana samar da makamashin lantarki ta hanyar janareto, injunan da ke canza makamashin injiniya (motsi mai juyawa) zuwa makamashin lantarki bisa ga ƙa'idar shigar da lantarki. A wata ma'anar, janareto da yawa suna mai da hankali kan babban buri ɗaya: samar da juyawar injin turbine ko shaft mai ƙarfi da kwanciyar hankali don tuƙa janareto.
2. Matakan gaba ɗaya na canza makamashi a tashoshin wutar lantarki
Duk da cewa nau'ikan tashoshin wutar lantarki sun bambanta, matakan sauya makamashi galibi suna da irin wannan tsari:
1. Manyan hanyoyin samar da makamashi: misali kwal, iskar gas, uranium, ruwa, iska, hasken rana, ko makamashin geothermal.
2. Canzawa zuwa makamashin matsakaici: sau da yawa a cikin nau'in makamashin zafi (na zafi) ko makamashin motsi (motsin ruwa).
3. Canzawa zuwa makamashin inji: gabaɗaya juya injin turbine (tururi, iska, ruwa, ko iska).
4. Canzawa zuwa makamashin lantarki: janareta yana samar da wutar lantarki.
5. Watsawa da rarrabawa: wutar lantarki tana ƙaruwa a ƙarfin lantarki, ana aika ta hanyar hanyar sadarwa, sannan a rage ƙarfin lantarki don amfanin masu amfani.
A wasu tashoshin wutar lantarki, ana iya tsallake wasu matakai. Misali, na'urorin hasken rana na iya canza wutar lantarki kai tsaye zuwa wutar lantarki ba tare da injin turbine ba.
3. Tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta tururi (PLTU): makamashin sinadarai → zafi → na inji → wutar lantarki
Tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta kwal misali ne na gargajiya na canza yanayi mai layi. Ana fitar da makamashin sinadarai da aka adana a cikin kwal ta hanyar konewa a cikin tukunyar jirgi. Konewar da ta biyo baya tana dumama ruwa, tana mai da shi tururi mai matsin lamba mai zafi. Sannan ana ciyar da wannan tururin zuwa tururin tururi, wanda ke juya ruwan wukakensa. Juyawar turbin tana tuƙa janareta, tana samar da wutar lantarki.
Za a iya taƙaita sarkar juyawa kamar haka:
makamashin sinadarai (gawayi) → makamashin zafi (tururi) → makamashin inji (turbine) → makamashin lantarki (janareto).
Babban ƙalubalen da tashoshin samar da wutar lantarki masu amfani da kwal ke fuskanta shine ƙarancin ingancin zafi saboda dokokin thermodynamics, da kuma iskar gas mai gurbata muhalli da gurɓataccen iska. Saboda haka, an ƙirƙiro fasahohi kamar tashoshin samar da wutar lantarki masu tsanani/masu tsanani da kuma tsarin sarrafa hayaki don ƙara inganci da rage tasirin muhalli.
4. Tashoshin wutar lantarki masu amfani da iskar gas (PLTG/PLTGU): makamashin sinadarai → zafi/matsi → injina → wutar lantarki
A cikin tashar wutar lantarki mai amfani da iskar gas, ana ƙona iskar gas a cikin ɗakin ƙona turbine mai amfani da iskar gas. Konewar da ke faruwa tana samar da iskar gas mai zafi da ƙarfi wanda ke juya turbine mai amfani da iskar gas kai tsaye. Wannan turbine an haɗa shi da janareta, yana samar da wutar lantarki daga makamashin injina mai juyawa.
Bugu da ƙari, a cikin tsarin haɗakar zagayowar (PLTGU), ana sake amfani da zafi daga iskar gas ɗin hayakin injin gas don samar da tururi wanda ke tuƙa ƙarin injin tururi. Wannan yana sa jujjuyawar makamashi ta fi inganci saboda ba a ƙin "zafin sharar gida" nan take ba. Wannan tsarin yana ƙara ingancin masana'antar gabaɗaya kuma yana rage yawan amfani da mai a kowace kWh na wutar lantarki.
5. Tashoshin wutar lantarki na ruwa (PLTA): makamashi mai yuwuwa → motsi → na inji → na lantarki
Cibiyoyin samar da wutar lantarki na ruwa suna amfani da ƙarfin ƙarfin nauyi na ruwan da aka adana a manyan tuddai (ma'ajiyar ruwa ko koguna). Lokacin da ruwa ke gudana ta cikin bututun ruwa (kwandon ruwa), makamashin mai yuwuwa yana canzawa zuwa makamashin motsi (gudun ruwa mai sauri). Wannan kwararar tana juya injin ruwa (kamar injin Francis, Kaplan, ko Pelton), wanda daga nan zai juya janareta don samar da wutar lantarki.
Sarkar juyawa:
makamashin ruwa mai yuwuwa → makamashin motsi → makamashin inji na injin turbine → makamashin lantarki.
Cibiyoyin samar da wutar lantarki na ruwa ba sa buƙatar ƙonewa, wanda ke haifar da ƙarancin hayaki mai gurbata muhalli. Duk da haka, gina madatsun ruwa na iya yin tasiri ga yanayin halittu, lalata ƙasa, da kuma canjin zamantakewa a yankunan da ke kewaye.
6. Tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta iska (PLTB): makamashin motsi na iska → na inji → na lantarki
Injin iska (PLTB) yana amfani da kuzarin motsi na iska mai motsi. Iska tana juya ruwan turbine (rotor). Ana aika wannan juyawa zuwa janareta (wani lokacin ta akwatin gear, wani lokacin kai tsaye) don samar da wutar lantarki.
Tsarin:
makamashin motsi na iska → makamashin injina na rotor → makamashin lantarki.
Amfaninsa sun haɗa da kasancewa tushen makamashi mai sabuntawa da kuma rashin fitar da hayaki yayin aiki. Iyakokinsa sun ta'allaka ne da yanayin iska mai canzawa, wanda ke sa fitar da wutar lantarkinta ba ta da tabbas, yana buƙatar tsarin daidaita grid, ajiyar makamashi, ko haɗuwa da sauran janareto.
7. Cibiyoyin samar da wutar lantarki ta hasken rana (PLTS): makamashin hasken rana → wutar lantarki
Cibiyoyin samar da wutar lantarki ta hasken rana suna aiki bisa ga ƙa'idar tasirin hasken rana: hasken rana yana buga wani abu na semiconductor (kamar silicon), sannan yana samar da motsi na electrons, yana samar da wutar lantarki. Tsarin juyawa ya yi gajere:
makamashin hasken rana → makamashin lantarki.
Duk da haka, wutar lantarki daga bangarorin hasken rana ita ce wutar lantarki kai tsaye (DC), tana buƙatar inverter ya canza ta zuwa wutar lantarki mai canzawa (AC) don ta dace da grid ɗin. Kamar iska, ƙarfin hasken rana yana canzawa, don haka fitarwa ya dogara da yanayi, wurin da ake, da lokacin rana.
Baya ga na'urorin daukar hoto, akwai kuma na'urorin samar da wutar lantarki ta hasken rana (CSP) wadanda ke tattara zafin rana don samar da tururi da kuma juya injin turbine - wanda yake kama da na'urar samar da wutar lantarki ta kwal, amma tushen zafi yana fitowa ne daga rana.
8. Tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta ƙasa (PLTP): ta ƙasa → ta injina → ta lantarki
Cibiyoyin samar da wutar lantarki na ƙasa (PLTP) suna amfani da zafi daga cikin ƙasa don dumama ruwa ko ruwa a cikin ma'ajiyar ƙasa. Wannan ruwan zafi zai iya zama tururi kai tsaye ko ruwan zafi wanda daga nan ake fitar da shi ta hanyar wani takamaiman tsari. Tururin yana juya turbines da janareta, yana samar da wutar lantarki.
Da'irar juyawa:
makamashin ƙasa → makamashin zafi mai ruwa → makamashin injin turbine → makamashin lantarki.
Cibiyoyin samar da wutar lantarki na ƙasa (PLTP) suna da fa'idar zama masu samar da wutar lantarki saboda kwanciyar hankalinsu idan aka kwatanta da iska da hasken rana, da kuma ƙarancin hayakin da suke fitarwa idan aka kwatanta da tashoshin samar da wutar lantarki na burbushin halittu. Kalubalen sun haɗa da kuɗin bincike, haɗarin haƙa rijiyoyi, da kuma kula da ruwa da iskar gas mai gurɓata muhalli.
9. Inganci da asarar makamashi a cikin juyawa
Kowace mataki na juyawa yana tare da asarar makamashi, yawanci a cikin nau'in zafi da aka rasa saboda gogayya, juriyar lantarki, ko iyakokin fasaha. Inganci yana bayyana adadin kuzarin shigarwa da aka mayar zuwa makamashin lantarki da aka fitar.
A cikin tashoshin samar da wutar lantarki na zafi (kwal, iskar gas, nukiliya), ingancin aiki yana da matuƙar tasiri ta hanyar bambancin zafin jiki tsakanin tushen zafi da muhalli, bisa ga ƙa'idodin thermodynamic. A cikin tashoshin samar da wutar lantarki masu sabuntawa kamar iska da hasken rana, ingancin aiki ya fi tasiri ta hanyar halayen na'urori (injin turbine aerodynamics, ingancin ƙwayoyin hasken rana) da yanayin muhalli.
Baya ga samar da wutar lantarki, asarar makamashi yana faruwa a watsawa da rarrabawa saboda juriyar kebul da kayan aiki, don haka tsarin hanyar sadarwa yana da matukar muhimmanci don kiyaye ingancin wadata.
10. Kammalawa
Sauya makamashi a cikin samar da wutar lantarki tsari ne na sarka wanda ke canza kuzari daban-daban na farko zuwa makamashin lantarki mai amfani. Cibiyoyin wutar lantarki masu amfani da kwal (PLTU) da cibiyoyi masu amfani da makamashin burbushin halittu sun dogara ne akan canza makamashin sinadarai zuwa zafi sannan zuwa motsi, yayin da cibiyoyi masu amfani da makamashin ruwa da iska (PLTA) suna amfani da makamashin motsi na ruwa kai tsaye don juya turbines. Cibiyoyin wutar lantarki na hasken rana na photovoltaic (PLTS) ma na iya canza hasken rana kai tsaye zuwa wutar lantarki ba tare da wani mataki na injiniya ba. Kowace fasaha tana da halaye daban-daban na canza makamashi, inganci, farashi, da tasirin muhalli. A nan gaba, inganta ingancin juyawa, faɗaɗa amfani da makamashi mai sabuntawa, da haɗa ajiyar makamashi da grid mai wayo zai zama mabuɗin biyan buƙatun wutar lantarki da ke ƙaruwa ta hanya mafi tsabta da dorewa.
