Ma'anar Tattalin Arziki A cewar Masana
Tattalin arziki wani bincike ne mai sarkakiya kuma mai faɗi wanda ke bincika yadda mutane ke samarwa, rarrabawa, da kuma cinye kayayyaki da ayyuka. Wannan ra'ayi ya samo asali ne daga gaskiyar cewa buƙatun ɗan adam na albarkatu suna da iyaka amma buƙatu ba su da iyaka. Don samar da fahimtar tattalin arziki mai zurfi, za mu iya komawa ga ma'anoni daban-daban da ƙwararru a fannin suka bayar. Ga ma'anoni daban-daban na tattalin arziki bisa ga manyan ƙwararru da dama.
Adam Smith (1723-1790)
Wanda aka fi sani da "Uban Tattalin Arziki," Adam Smith, a cikin aikinsa mai tasiri sosai, "Binciken Yanayi da Sanadin Arzikin Al'umma," ko kuma wanda aka fi sani da "Wutar Al'umma" (1776), ya bayyana tattalin arziki a matsayin nazarin halayen mutane da al'ummomi yayin da suke ƙoƙarin biyan buƙatu marasa iyaka tare da ƙarancin albarkatu. A cewar Smith, tattalin arziki yana game da yadda ake sarrafa dukiya don haɓaka wadata. Ya gabatar da manufar "hannun da ba a gani," wanda ke nuna cewa ta hanyar ayyukan son kai na mutane don inganta jin daɗin kansu, suna kuma inganta jin daɗin al'umma gaba ɗaya.
David Ricardo (1772-1823)
David Ricardo, masanin tattalin arziki na gargajiya na Ingila, ya shahara da ka'idarsa ta amfani da kwatancen riba. Ya bayyana tattalin arziki a matsayin nazarin rarraba dukiya tsakanin azuzuwan al'umma. A cikin littafinsa mai suna "Principles of Political Economy and Taxation" (1817), Ricardo ya binciki yadda ƙasa, aiki, da jari ke ba da gudummawa ga tsarin samarwa da kuma yadda ake rarraba kudaden shiga daga wannan samarwa a cikin al'umma. A gare shi, tattalin arziki fanni ne da ke da nufin fahimtar da inganta rarraba albarkatu a cikin al'umma.
John Stuart Mill (1806-1873)
John Stuart Mill, wani masanin falsafa kuma masanin tattalin arziki ɗan Ingila, a cikin littafinsa mai suna "Principles of Political Economy" (1848), ya bayyana cewa tattalin arziki shine kimiyyar da ke nazarin samarwa, rarrabawa, da amfani da kayayyaki da ayyuka. Mill ya mayar da hankali kan nazarin tattalin arziki da manufofi da ke tasiri ga rarraba kuɗi da dukiya. A cewar Mill, babban burin tattalin arziki shine haɓaka farin ciki da walwalar ɗan adam ta hanyar da ta dace da adalci.
Alfred Marshall (1842-1924)
Alfred Marshall, wanda aka sani da ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa shi, tattalin arzikin neoclassical, a cikin "Ka'idojin Tattalin Arziki" (1890), ya bayyana tattalin arziki a matsayin nazarin ɗan adam a cikin harkokin rayuwa na yau da kullun. Marshall ya yi jayayya cewa tattalin arziki yana nazarin yadda mutane ke samun kudin shiga da kuma yadda suke kashe shi. Ya gabatar da manufar wadata da buƙata da kuma sassauci, waɗanda su ne ginshiƙan nazarin tattalin arziki na zamani. A cewar Marshall, tattalin arziki yana magana ne game da mafi kyawun amfani da albarkatu wanda aka iyakance shi don biyan buƙatun ɗan adam marasa iyaka.
Lionel Robbins (1898-1984)
Lionel Robbins, a cikin rubutunsa mai tasiri "An Essay on the Nature and Importance of Economic Science" (1932), ya gabatar da ma'anar da aka yarda da ita a yau. Ya ce tattalin arziki shine kimiyyar da ke nazarin halayen ɗan adam gaba ɗaya. dangantaka tsakanin ƙananan iyakoki da ma'anoni waɗanda ke da amfani da dama. Ma'anar Robbins ta jaddada rarraba albarkatun da aka iyakance don cimma buri daban-daban kuma ana ɗaukarta a matsayin ma'anar tattalin arziki na zamani. Robbins ya nuna mahimmancin inganci da zaɓi wajen amfani da albarkatun da aka iyakance.
Joan Robinson (1903-1983)
Joan Robinson, wata masaniyar tattalin arziki daga Cambridge, ta shahara da gudummawarta a cikin ka'idar tattalin arziki da kuma sukar jari-hujja. A cikin littafinsa mai suna "Economics Is a Stress Subject" (1932), Robinson ya bayyana tattalin arziki a matsayin nazarin yadda mutane ke rayuwa a rayuwarsu ta yau da kullum. Abin da Robinson ya fi mayar da hankali a kai shi ne tasirin manufofin tattalin arziki ga al'umma da kuma yadda rarraba dukiya da kudaden shiga zai iya haifar ko rage rashin daidaito.
Paul Samuelson (1915-2009)
Paul Samuelson, wanda ya lashe kyautar Nobel a fannin tattalin arziki a shekarar 1970, ya bayyana tattalin arziki a cikin littafinsa mai suna "Economics: An Introductory Analysis" (1948) a matsayin nazarin yadda al'ummomi ke amfani da albarkatun da ba su da yawa don samar da kayayyaki masu mahimmanci da kuma rarraba su tsakanin mutane daban-daban. Samuelson, wanda aka fi sani da ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa tattalin arziki na zamani da kuma mai ɗaukar hanyar lissafi a cikin bincike tattalin arziki, ya mai da hankali kan amfani da samfura da ka'idoji don bayyana abubuwan da suka faru na tattalin arziki.
Milton Friedman (1912-2006)
Milton Friedman, wani fitaccen masanin tattalin arziki kuma wanda ya lashe kyautar Nobel a fannin tattalin arziki, ya jaddada bangaren zabi a cikin ma'anarsa ta tattalin arziki. A cikin littafinsa "Capitalism and Freedom" (1962), Friedman ya bayyana tattalin arziki a matsayin nazarin yadda mutane da al'ummomi ke yin zabi game da yadda za su yi amfani da albarkatun da ba su da yawa don biyan bukatunsu. buƙatu da buƙatu maraka.
Yusufu Schumpeter (1883-1950)
Joseph Schumpeter, wani muhimmin mutum a fannin tattalin arziki na kirkire-kirkire, ya bayyana tattalin arziki a matsayin nazarin yadda hanyoyin kirkire-kirkire, da kuma yadda sauyin tattalin arziki ke shafar al'umma. A cikin littafinsa mai suna "Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy" (1942), Schumpeter ya jaddada manufar "lalata kirkire-kirkire," inda kirkire-kirkire da kasuwanci ke haifar da canje-canje a cikin tsarin tattalin arziki, suna samar da ci gaba, yayin da suke lalata tsoffin hanyoyi da tsare-tsare.
John Maynard Keynes (1883-1946)
John Maynard Keynes, ɗaya daga cikin masana tattalin arziki mafi tasiri a ƙarni na 20, ya bayyana tattalin arziki dangane da rawar da yake takawa wajen kiyaye walwala da kwanciyar hankali a kasuwa. A cikin aikinsa, "Ka'idar Aiki, Riba, da Kuɗi" (1936), Keynes ya mayar da hankali kan yadda jimillar buƙata - jimillar buƙatar kayayyaki da ayyuka a cikin tattalin arziki - ke ƙayyade yawan fitarwa da matakan aikin yi na ƙasa. A cewar Keynes, babban aikin tattalin arziki shine sarrafa da daidaita sauye-sauye a cikin zagayowar kasuwanci don haɓaka walwala.
Amartya Sen (1933-)
Amartya Sen, fitaccen mai tunani a fannin walwala da tattalin arziki na ci gaba, yana ganin tattalin arziki a matsayin wani fanni da ke da alaƙa da ɗabi'a da adalci. A cikin littafinsa mai suna "Ci gaba a matsayin 'Yanci" (1999), Sen ya bayyana tattalin arziki a matsayin nazarin yadda za a inganta rayuwar ɗan adam ta hanyar ba wa mutane 'yancin zaɓar da kuma rayuwa da suke ganin ta cancanta. A gare shi, tattalin arziki ba wai kawai game da wadata ba ne, har ma game da inganta rayuwar ɗan adam ta dukkan fannoni.
Daga waɗannan ma'anoni daban-daban, za mu iya kammala da cewa tattalin arziki ba wai kawai game da kuɗi da ciniki ba ne, amma ya ƙunshi nazarin ɗabi'un ɗan adam, zaɓinsa, da kuma rarraba albarkatu a cikin al'umma. Waɗannan ma'anoni suna nuna ra'ayoyi daban-daban da mayar da hankali bisa ga asali da hanyar da kowane ƙwararre yake bi. Ta hanyar fahimtar waɗannan ma'anoni, za mu iya ganin cewa tattalin arziki kimiyya ce mai ƙarfi, mai dacewa, kuma mai mahimmanci wajen fahimtar da magance matsalolin zamantakewa, siyasa, da tattalin arziki daban-daban da al'umma ke fuskanta a yau.
