Tattalin Arzikin Ƙasa da Ƙananan Tattalin Arziki
Tattalin arziki na ƙananan fannoni biyu ne na tattalin arziki, kowannensu yana da tsari na musamman kuma yana mai da hankali kan nazarin dorewar ayyukan tattalin arziki. Waɗannan rassan biyu suna ƙara wa juna ƙarfi, suna ba da cikakken hoto na yanayin tattalin arziki, halaye, da abubuwan da suka faru. Kyakkyawan fahimtar rassan biyu yana da mahimmanci, domin kowannensu yana ba da fahimta daban-daban waɗanda ke da mahimmanci don yanke shawara a matakin mutum ɗaya, kamfani, da gwamnati.
Tattalin Arzikin Macro: Bayani
Tattalin Arziki na Musamman wani reshe ne na tattalin arziki wanda ke nazarin tsari, aiki, da kuma halayen tattalin arziki gaba ɗaya ko a jimlace. Babban abin da tattalin arziki ke mayar da hankali a kai shi ne ci gaban tattalin arziki, hauhawar farashi, rashin aikin yi, manufofin kuɗi, da manufofin kuɗi. Babban burin tattalin arziki na manyan ƙasashe shine fahimtar abubuwan da ke tasiri ga aikin tattalin arzikin ƙasa da kuma yadda za a iya amfani da manufofin tattalin arziki don cimma daidaiton tattalin arziki, ci gaba mai ɗorewa, da kuma raba dukiya cikin adalci.
Ci gaban tattalin arziki
Ci gaban tattalin arziki muhimmin alama ce ta tattalin arziki da ke nuna karuwar karfin samar da kayayyaki a kowace kasa. Yawanci ana auna wannan ci gaban ne ta hanyar kwatanta Jimlar Kayayyakin Cikin Gida (GDP) daga shekara zuwa shekara. GDP yana nuna jimillar darajar kayayyaki da ayyuka da tattalin arziki ke samarwa a wani lokaci na musamman. Gwamnatoci da masana tattalin arziki suna ci gaba da kokarin ci gaba da samun ci gaban tattalin arziki mai kyau don inganta walwalar jama'a.
Kumburin Haɓaka Kumburi
Hauhawar farashi wani babban ƙaruwa ne a farashin kayayyaki da ayyuka a cikin tattalin arziki, wanda ke rage ƙarfin siyan kuɗi. Ana ɗaukar hauhawar farashi mai sarrafawa a matsayin mai lafiya ga tattalin arziki, domin yawanci yana nuna ƙaruwar buƙata da ayyukan tattalin arziki. Duk da haka, hauhawar farashi mai yawa, ko hauhawar farashi mai yawa, na iya zama mai illa sosai, yayin da raguwar farashi (faduwar farashi gaba ɗaya) na iya haifar da matsalolin tattalin arziki kamar raguwar saka hannun jari da samarwa.
Rashin Aikin Yi
Adadin rashin aikin yi yana auna kaso na ma'aikatan da ba su da aikin yi amma suna neman aiki sosai. Yawan rashin aikin yi yana nuna matsalar tattalin arziki kuma sau da yawa yana buƙatar shiga tsakani na manufofi don ƙirƙirar sabbin ayyuka. Manufar rashin aikin yi ta ƙunshi gano da magance matsalolin rashin aikin yi, kamar ƙarancin ƙwarewa, canjin fasaha, da kuma ƙarancin buƙatar kasuwa.
Manufofin Kuɗi da Kuɗi
Manufofin kuɗi da na kuɗi su ne manyan kayan aiki guda biyu da gwamnatoci ke amfani da su don daidaita tattalin arziki.
Manufar kasafin kudi
Manufar kasafin kuɗi ta ƙunshi kashe kuɗi da kuɗaɗen shiga na gwamnati. Wannan manufar ta ƙunshi amfani da haraji da kashe kuɗi don yin tasiri ga tattalin arziki. Misali, a lokacin koma bayan tattalin arziki, gwamnati na iya ƙara kashe kuɗi da rage haraji don ƙarfafa ci gaba. Wannan galibi ana kiransa manufar faɗaɗawa. Akasin haka, a lokacin da tattalin arziki ya yi zafi ko hauhawar farashin kaya, gwamnati na iya rage kashe kuɗi ko ƙara haraji ta hanyar manufar rage haraji.
Tsarin Kuɗi
Ana gudanar da manufofin kuɗi ne ta bankunan tsakiya kuma ya ƙunshi daidaita samar da kuɗi da ƙimar riba. Bankunan tsakiya, kamar Babban Bankin Tarayya a Amurka ko Bankin Indonesia a Indonesia, suna amfani da manufofin kuɗi don sarrafa hauhawar farashi, rage rashin aikin yi, da kuma haɓaka ci gaban tattalin arziki. Misali, ta hanyar rage ƙimar riba, bankunan tsakiya na iya ƙarfafa saka hannun jari da kashe kuɗin masu amfani. Akasin haka, ta hanyar ƙara ƙimar riba, bankunan tsakiya na iya hana tattalin arziki zafi da kuma sarrafa hauhawar farashi.
Microeconomics: Bayani Kan Tattalin Arziki
Duk da cewa tattalin arziki na ƙasa da ƙasa ya fi mai da hankali kan tattalin arziki gaba ɗaya, tattalin arziki na ƙasa da ƙasa ya fi mai da hankali kan halayen mutane da kamfanoni. Tattalin arziki na ƙasa da ƙasa yana bincika yadda gidaje da kamfanoni ke yanke shawara, da kuma yadda hulɗarsu a kasuwanni ke shafar rarraba albarkatu.
Samarwa da Buƙata
Babban ra'ayoyi a fannin tattalin arziki sune wadata da buƙata. Buƙatu yana nufin adadin kayayyaki ko ayyuka da masu amfani ke so a matakan farashi daban-daban, yayin da wadata yana nufin adadin kayayyaki ko ayyuka da masu samarwa ke bayarwa a matakan farashi daban-daban. Hulɗar da ke tsakanin wadata da buƙata tana ƙayyade farashi da adadin kayayyaki da ayyuka da ake ciniki a kasuwa.
sassauci
Juriya ita ce ma'aunin yadda buƙata ko wadata ke amsawa ga canje-canje a farashi ko wasu abubuwa. Misali, idan buƙatar samfuri tana da matuƙar saurin amsawa ga canje-canje a farashi, ana cewa samfurin yana da saurin amsawar buƙata. Akasin haka, idan canje-canjen farashi ba su da tasiri sosai ga buƙata, samfurin yana da ƙarancin sassaucin buƙata.
Ka'idar Samarwa da Farashi
Masana tattalin arziki na Microeconomics kuma suna bincika yadda kamfanoni ke yanke shawara kan irin haɗin shigarwar da za su yi amfani da su don samar da kayayyaki ko ayyuka. Ka'idar samarwa ta haɗa da nazarin yadda ake canza kayan aiki kamar aiki da jari zuwa fitarwa. Bugu da ƙari, ka'idar farashi ta ƙunshi nazarin farashin da kamfanoni ke fuskanta a samarwa, kamar farashi mai ɗorewa da mai canzawa, da kuma yadda waɗannan farashin ke tasiri ga yanke shawara kan samarwa da farashi.
Kasuwar Gasar
Masana tattalin arziki na Microeconomics suna nazarin tsarin kasuwa daban-daban, tun daga kasuwanni masu gasa, inda masu siye da masu siyarwa da yawa ke aiki, zuwa kasuwannin mallaka, inda mai siyarwa ɗaya ke mamaye kasuwa. A cikin kasuwannin da suka yi gasa sosai, ana ƙayyade farashi ta hanyar hulɗar wadata da buƙata, kuma ana ɗaukar masu samarwa a matsayin masu ɗaukar farashi. A cikin kasuwannin mallaka, kamfanoni suna da ikon saita farashi saboda rashin gasa. Tsarin kasuwa yana tasiri ga halayen masu samarwa da masu amfani, da kuma ingancin rarraba albarkatu.
Manufar gwamnati
Gwamnatoci sau da yawa suna shiga tsakani a kasuwanni don gyara gazawar kasuwa da inganta walwalar jama'a. Waɗannan manufofi na iya haɗawa da daidaita farashi, tallafi, haraji, da ƙuntatawa na adadi. Misali, gwamnatoci na iya sanya haraji kan kayayyaki da ke haifar da munanan abubuwa na waje, kamar gurɓatawa, ko kuma tallafawa masana'antu da ake ganin suna da dabarun ci gaba. A fannin tattalin arziki, galibi ana amfani da nazarin farashi da fa'ida don tantance ingancin waɗannan manufofi.
Alaƙar da ke tsakanin tattalin arziki mai yawa da tattalin arziki mai yawa
Duk da cewa tattalin arziki da ƙananan tattalin arziki sun fi mai da hankali kan fannoni daban-daban na tattalin arziki, rassan biyu suna da alaƙa da juna. Manufofin tattalin arziki na iya yin tasiri ga shawarwarin mutane da kamfanoni. Misali, ƙarancin ƙimar riba da babban banki ke aiwatarwa na iya ƙarfafa kamfanoni su ɗauki ƙarin lamuni da saka hannun jari, wanda hakan zai iya shafar samarwa da farashi a matakin ƙananan.
Akasin haka, halayen ƙananan tattalin arziki na iya yin tasiri ga aikin tattalin arziki na ƙasa. Shawarwarin amfani da saka hannun jari daga gidaje da kamfanoni suna ƙayyade jimillar buƙata a cikin tattalin arziki, wanda hakan ke shafar ci gaban tattalin arziki, hauhawar farashi, da rashin aikin yi.
Kammalawa
Tattalin Arzikin Ƙasa da Ƙananan Tattalin Arziki suna ba da ra'ayoyi daban-daban amma masu dacewa kan fahimtar tattalin arziki. Yayin da tattalin arziki na ƙasa ke mai da hankali kan jimillar masu canji da manufofi waɗanda ke shafar tattalin arziki gaba ɗaya, tattalin arziki na ƙasa yana mai da hankali kan halayen mutane da kamfanoni da hulɗarsu a kasuwa. Fahimtar rassan biyu yana da mahimmanci don ƙarin cikakken nazari da kuma yanke shawara mai zurfi a matakai daban-daban.
