Tambayoyi Misali Game da Abubuwan da ke Shafar Yawan Amsawa
Haɗakar sinadarai wani canji ne na ƙwayoyin halitta ko ƙwayoyin halitta waɗanda ke da alaƙa da canjin kuzari da canje-canje a matakan makamashi. A aikace, ƙimar amsawar tana bayyana yadda masu amsawa ke canzawa zuwa samfura cikin sauri. Abubuwa da yawa na iya yin tasiri ga ƙimar amsawar, gami da yawan maida hankali, zafin jiki, matsin lamba (don halayen iskar gas), yankin saman, da kasancewar abubuwan da ke haifar da haɗari. Wannan labarin zai tattauna misalan matsalolin da suka shafi abubuwan da ke tasiri ga ƙimar amsawar tare da cikakken bayani.
Abubuwan da ke Shafar Yawan Amsawa
1. Tattara Masu Haɗawa
2. Zafin jiki
3. Matsi
4. Yankin Sama
5. Mai ƙara kuzari
1. Tattara Masu Haɗawa
Misali Tambaya ta 1:
Martanin da aka bayar:
A + B → AB
Idan aka bayar da yawan [A] = 0,5 M da [B] = 0,5 M, kuma an bayar da adadin amsawar farko ta hanyar ƙimar = k[A][B]. Menene adadin amsawar idan aka ninka yawan A zuwa 1 M yayin da [B] ya kasance a 0,5 M?
Tattaunawa:
Tsarin ƙimar amsawa:
\[ \text{Ƙimar} = k[A][B] \]
Farashin farko:
\[ \text{Rate}_{\text{initial}} = k[0,5][0,5] = 0,25k \]
Lokacin da maida hankali na A ya zama 1 M:
\[ \text{Rate}_{\text{new}} = k[1][0,5] = 0,5k \]
Kwatanta farashi:
\[ \frac{\text{Rate}_{\text{new}}}{\text{Rate}_{\text{initial}}} = \frac{0,5k}{0,25k} = 2 \]
Don haka, sabon adadin amsawar ya ninka adadin amsawar farko sau biyu.
2. Zafin jiki
Misali Tambaya ta 2:
Wani masanin kimiyyar sinadarai ya lura cewa yawan amsawar sinadaran yana ƙaruwa daga 0,5 mol/L/s zuwa 2 mol/L/s lokacin da zafin jiki ya ƙaru daga 300 K zuwa 320 K. Menene ma'aunin ƙaruwa, bisa ga dokar Arrhenius?
Tattaunawa:
Dokar Arrhenius ta bayyana cewa:
\[ \text{Ƙimar} = Ae^{-\frac{E_a}{RT}} \]
Ƙara yawan zafin jiki yana sa ƙimar ƙarfin magana ta Arrhenius ta ragu, don haka ƙimar amsawar ta ƙaru. A wannan yanayin, ma'aunin ƙaruwa shine:
\[ \frac{\text{Rate}\ \text{at}\ 320\ K}{\text{Rate}\ \text{at}\ 300\ K} = \frac{2\ mol/L/s}{0,5\ mol/L/s} = 4 \]
Don haka, ƙaruwar ƙimar amsawar sau 4 ne.
3. Matsi
Misali Tambaya ta 3:
Don halayen iskar gas:
\[ \rubutu{2NO}(g) + \rubutu{O}_2(g) → \rubutu{2NO}_2(g) \]
Idan aka ƙara yawan matsin lamba daga 1 atm zuwa 2 atm tare da ƙarar da ba ta canzawa, ta yaya wannan zai shafi ƙimar amsawar?
Tattaunawa:
A cikin halayen iskar gas, matsin lamba yana daidai gwargwado kai tsaye da yawan mai. Ƙara matsin lamba yana ƙara yawan mai da kowane iskar gas, yana ƙara yawan mai da iskar. Idan aka yi la'akari da cewa matsin lamba yana da daidaito, ƙimar amsawar tana ƙaruwa tare da matsin lamba:
\[ \text{Rate}_{\text{sabon}} = k[2NO]^2[O_2] \]
Tare da ƙaruwar matsin lamba, yawan NO da O2 kowannensu zai ninka, don haka ƙimar amsawar za ta ƙaru ta hanyar:
\[ \text{Rate}_{\text{sabon}} = k[2NO]^2[2O_2] = k(2[NO])^2 (2[O_2]) = 4k[NO]^2[O_2] \]
Don haka saurin amsawar yana ƙaruwa sau 4.
4. Yankin Sama
Misali Tambaya ta 4:
Idan aka sanya sinadarin Zn mai ƙarfi a cikin ruwan HCl, martanin da ake samu ga iskar H2 yana faruwa da sauri lokacin da aka niƙa Zn ya zama foda fiye da lokacin da yake cikin siffar sandar Zn. Me yasa hakan yake?
Tattaunawa:
Ƙara girman saman barbashi mai ƙarfi yana ƙara yawan sabbin ƙwayoyin amsawa waɗanda zasu iya karo da saman Zn mai ƙarfi. Halayen da ke tsakanin Zn da HCl shine:
\[ \text{Zn}(s) + 2\text{HCl}(aq) → \text{ZnCl}_2(aq) + \text{H}_2(g) \]
Idan Zn yana cikin siffar foda, saman hulɗa tsakanin Zn da HCl ya fi girma idan aka kwatanta da Zn a siffar sandar, don haka yana ƙara yawan amsawar ta hanyar ƙarin wuraren karo.
5. Mai ƙara kuzari
Misali Tambaya ta 5:
Bayyana bambanci a cikin yawan amsawar don rugujewar hydrogen peroxide tare da kuma ba tare da mai kara kuzari ba (Manganese dioxide, MnO2).
\[ \rubutu{2H}_2\rubutu{O}_2(aq) → 2\rubutu{H}_2\rubutu{O}(l) + \rubutu{O}_2(g) \]
Tattaunawa:
Ba tare da wani abu mai kara kuzari ba, rugujewar hydrogen peroxide yana raguwa saboda yawan kuzarin kunnawa. Duk da haka, tare da mai kara kuzarin MnO2, kuzarin kunnawa yana raguwa sosai. MnO2 ba ya amsawa har abada a cikin amsawar, amma maimakon haka yana samar da wata hanya ta daban (tsarin amsawa) tare da ƙarancin kuzarin kunnawa, wanda ke hanzarta saurin amsawar.
Tare da mai kara kuzari:
– Yawan amsawar yana ƙaruwa saboda ƙarfin da ake buƙata ya yi ƙasa.
- Yanayin amsawa yana canzawa amma yawan samfurin ya kasance iri ɗaya.
Masu haɓaka suna ba da damar ƙaruwar saurin karo mai tasiri ba tare da canza yanayin zafi na amsawar ba.
Kammalawa
Yawan amsawar yana shafar abubuwa da dama, ciki har da yawan amsawar, zafin jiki, matsin lamba, musamman a cikin halayen iskar gas, yankin saman kayan daskararru, da kuma kasancewar abubuwan da ke haifar da amsawar. Mayar da hankali yana daidai gwargwado kai tsaye da yawan amsawar; zafin jiki yana tasiri ga kuzarin motsi na masu amsawa; matsin lamba yana tasiri ga halayen iskar gas ta hanyar yawan iskar gas; yankin saman yana tasiri ga yankin karo; kuma masu haɓaka haɓaka suna hanzarta saurin ta hanyar rage kuzarin kunnawa. Fahimtar waɗannan abubuwan yana da mahimmanci don sarrafa yawan amsawar a aikace-aikace daban-daban na masana'antu da binciken dakin gwaje-gwaje.
