# Yadda Hubble Telescope Ke Aiki
Taswirar Hubble Space Telescope ɗaya ce daga cikin na'urorin hangen nesa mafi shahara da juyin juya hali a tarihin ilmin taurari. Hubble, wanda aka ƙaddamar a ranar 24 ga Afrilu, 1990, ta Space Shuttle Discovery, ya bai wa masana ilmin taurari da masana kimiyya damar yin nazarin sararin samaniya kamar ba a taɓa yi ba. Amma ta yaya Hubble yake aiki a zahiri? Wannan labarin zai bayyana ƙa'idodi da hanyoyin yadda na'urar hangen nesa ta Hubble ke aiki dalla-dalla.
## Ka'idojin Asali na Na'urar Nuni
Gabaɗaya, na'urorin hangen nesa suna aiki ta hanyar tattara haske daga abubuwa masu nisa da kuma samar da hoto wanda za a iya yin nazari a kansa. Na'urorin hangen nesa na farko a duniya sune na'urorin hangen nesa, waɗanda ke amfani da ruwan tabarau ko madubai don ɗaukar haske da kuma mayar da hankali kan shi.
Hubble Telescope wani nau'in madubi ne na hangen nesa (reflector), inda hasken da ke shigowa ke mayar da hankali kan madubi na farko a kan madubi na biyu, wanda daga nan zai nuna shi a kan na'urar ganowa ko saita kyamara don samar da hoto. Saboda yana wajen sararin samaniyar Duniya, Hubble ba ya fuskantar matsalolin yanayi, kamar karkacewa ko rage haske, waɗanda suka zama ruwan dare a cikin na'urorin hangen nesa na ƙasa.
## Tsarin Jiki na Hubble
Hubble babban na'urar hangen nesa ce, tsawonta ya kai mita 13,2 kuma tana da nauyin kilogiram 11.000. Na'urar hangen nesa ta ƙunshi manyan abubuwa da dama:
1. Na'urar hangen nesa ta Telescope: Babban madubin Hubble shine madubinsa na farko mai diamita mita 2,4. An yi wannan madubin da gilashi na musamman kuma an shafa shi da aluminum da siraran magnesium fluoride don ƙara haske.
2. Kayan Aikin Kimiyya: Hubble yana da kayan aiki iri-iri da aka tsara don ɗaukar nau'ikan raƙuman haske iri-iri, tun daga ultraviolet (UV) zuwa infrared (IR). Wasu daga cikin manyan kayan aikin sun haɗa da Kyamarar Faɗi da Taurari (WFPC2), Kyamarar Ci gaba don Bincike (ACS), da Kyamarar Infrared da Spectrometer Mai Sauƙi (NICMOS).
3. Tsarin Kulawa da Lantarki: Hubble yana da kwamfutoci masu inganci da tsarin sarrafawa waɗanda ke ba da damar yin amfani da bayanai masu inganci da kuma adana bayanai.
4. Faifan Hasken Rana: Don samar da wutar lantarki, Hubble yana da manyan faifan hasken rana guda biyu waɗanda ke mayar da wutar lantarki zuwa wutar lantarki.
5. Eriya ta Sadarwa: Ana yin sadarwa da Duniya ta hanyar eriya wacce ke aika bayanan kimiyya kuma tana karɓar umarni daga cibiyar sarrafawa a NASA.
## Yadda Hubble Ke Aiki
### Tarin Haske da Mayar da Hankali
Idan aka nuna Hubble ga wani abu, kamar taurari mai nisa ko tauraro, madubin farko yana tattara haske daga wannan abu. Wannan hasken ana mayar da shi zuwa ƙaramin madubi na biyu sannan a mayar da shi ga kayan aikin kimiyya daban-daban na na'urar hangen nesa.
Madubin Hubble na farko da madubinsa na biyu suna aiki tare don samar da hotuna masu cikakken bayani. Madubin farko yana tattara haske gwargwadon iyawa, yayin da madubin na biyu ke taimakawa wajen mayar da hankali da kuma tura wannan hasken zuwa ga na'urar ganowa.
### Lura da Hoto
Da zarar an tattara hasken kuma aka mayar da hankali a kai, zai ratsa ta cikin kayan aiki da na'urori masu gano abubuwa daban-daban a kan na'urar hangen nesa. Misali, WFC2 ko ACS suna ɗaukar hotuna a tsayin tsayi daban-daban. Sannan ana adana wannan bayanan a cikin tsarin dijital.
Ana amfani da kayan aiki kamar NICMOS don lura da infrared, wanda ke ba da damar yin nazarin abubuwa masu sanyi ko masu nisa waɗanda ke fitar da hasken infrared. Ana iya amfani da wasu kayan aiki don lura da hasken ultraviolet, wanda zai iya samar da bayanai game da hanyoyin samar da makamashi mai yawa a cikin sararin samaniya.
### Canja wurin Bayanai zuwa Duniya
Bayanan da kayan aikin Hubble suka samu ana mayar da su Duniya ta amfani da tsarin sadarwa ta tauraron dan adam. Hubble yana da na'urorin watsa rediyo da masu karɓa waɗanda ke sadarwa tare da Tashar Isarwa da Tauraron Dan Adam na Relay (TDRS). Daga nan za a tura wannan bayanan zuwa Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Telescope ta Sararin Samaniya (STScI) da ke Baltimore, Maryland, inda ake sarrafa su, ana nazari, da kuma adana su.
Ta wannan tsari, masana ilmin taurari a faɗin duniya za su iya samun damar bayanai da Hubble ya samar don bincikensu.
### Gyaran gani
Tun da farko, bayan ƙaddamar da Hubble, ya fuskanci matsaloli da madubin farko, wanda hakan ya haifar da hotuna marasa kyau. Bincike ya nuna cewa madubin farko yana da ƙaramin lahani, amma mai mahimmanci, a kan hanyarsa. Don magance wannan batu, a shekarar 1993, NASA ta aika da wani aikin jigilar sararin samaniya don kafa tsarin gyara na gani mai suna Corrective Optics Space Telescope Axial Replacement (COSTAR). Wannan tsarin yana aiki kamar tabarau, yana gyara hanyar haske, yana ba Hubble damar samar da hotuna masu kaifi da haske.
### Aiki Ba Tare da Tashin Hankali Ba a Yanayi
Ɗaya daga cikin manyan fa'idodin Hubble akan na'urorin hangen nesa na ƙasa shine ikonsa na kallon sararin samaniya ba tare da tsangwama ga sararin samaniyar Duniya ba. Yanayinmu yana karkatar da hasken da ke fitowa daga abubuwa masu nisa saboda wani abu da aka sani da girgizar yanayi. Wannan yana haifar da "ƙwanƙwasa" a cikin taurari waɗanda ido zai iya gani kuma yana iya lalata kaifin hotunan da na'urorin hangen nesa na ƙasa ke samarwa. Ta hanyar kasancewa a wajen sararin samaniya, Hubble zai iya samar da hotuna masu ƙuduri da haske sosai.
### Wasu Muhimman Abubuwan da aka Gano Game da Hubble
1. Faɗaɗa Duniya Cikin Sauri: Ɗaya daga cikin muhimman abubuwan da Hubble ya taimaka wajen ganowa shine tabbatar da cewa yawan faɗaɗar duniya yana ƙaruwa. Wannan binciken yana goyon bayan ra'ayin makamashin duhu, wani nau'in makamashi mai ban mamaki da ake tunanin shine ke da alhakin faɗaɗar duniya cikin sauri.
2. Cikakkun Bayanan Taurari da Galactic: Hubble ya ba mu damar ganin duniyoyin da ba a taɓa gani ba a tsarin hasken rana, gami da guguwa mai ƙarfi a kan Jupiter da Saturn, da kuma cikakkun bayanai game da taurarin da ke nesa da kuma tarin taurarin.
3. Manyan ramukan baƙaƙe masu girma: Tare da Hubble, masana kimiyya sun sami damar lura da kuma tabbatar da wanzuwar manyan ramukan baƙaƙe masu girma a tsakiyar taurari da yawa, gami da taurarin mu na Milky Way.
4. Samar da Taurari: Hubble ya kuma ba da damar lura kai tsaye game da yankunan da sabbin taurari suka samo asali, yana ba mu haske game da yadda taurari ke samuwa daga gajimaren iskar gas da ƙura.
## Kammalawa
Na'urar hangen nesa ta Hubble Space Telescope ta buɗe sabuwar taga ga fahimtarmu game da sararin samaniya. Tare da fasahar zamani da kuma sanya ta a waje da sararin samaniyar Duniya, Hubble ya ba da damar gano muhimman abubuwan da suka faɗaɗa iliminmu game da sararin samaniya. Daga lura da samuwar taurari zuwa auna faɗaɗar sararin samaniya, Hubble ya buɗe sabuwar hanya ga fahimtarmu game da sararin samaniya.
