Shin Duniya Tana Ci Gaba Da Faɗaɗawa?
Tun zamanin da, mutane suna sha'awar hasken taurari a sararin samaniya na dare kuma suna mamakin yanayin sararin samaniya. Shin sararin samaniyarmu yana da iyaka? Menene girmanta? Shin babu motsi ko motsi? Tare da ci gaba a kimiyya, musamman a fannin ilmin taurari, ilmin taurari, da ilmin sararin samaniya, mun fara samun amsoshin waɗannan tambayoyin. Ɗaya daga cikin tambayoyin da suka fi muhimmanci shine: shin sararin samaniya yana faɗaɗa koyaushe ko a'a?
Babban Ganowa: Faɗaɗar Duniya
A farkon ƙarni na 20, babban imani tsakanin masana kimiyya shine cewa sararin samaniya yana nan a tsaye kuma har abada. Duk da haka, wannan ya canza tare da binciken Edwin Hubble a 1929. Ta amfani da na'urar hangen nesa ta Mount Wilson a California, Hubble ya lura cewa taurarin da ke bayan Milky Way suna nisanta daga gare mu, kuma nisan da taurarin ke yi, da sauri yake tafiya. Wannan lamari ana kiransa da "Dokar Hubble," wanda aka bayyana ta hanyar lissafi mai sauƙi: \(v = H_0 \times d\). Inda \(v\) shine saurin koma bayan tattalin arziki na taurari, \(d\) shine nisan taurari, kuma \(H_0\) shine "Constant Hubble."
Wannan binciken ya bayar da shaida mai ƙarfi cewa sararin samaniya ba ta tsaya cak ba ce, sai dai faɗaɗawa ce kawai. Idan muka juya lokaci, za mu ga cewa duk wani abu a cikin sararin samaniya—kowane tauraro, taurari, da duniya—a da an taru a wuri ɗaya, mai cike da zafi, wanda aka sani da “Big Bang.”
Tsarin Ci Gaba
Faɗaɗar sararin samaniya ba ta faruwa ne sakamakon taurarin da ke ƙaura daga tsakiya ɗaya ba. Maimakon haka, sararin samaniya ne da kansa ke faɗaɗawa, yana ɗauke da taurarin da ke tare da shi. Ana iya kwatanta wannan lamari da inabi a cikin kullu mai tasowa: yayin da kullu ke tashi, duk inabin suna motsawa daga juna. Don haka, duk wani mai lura a kowace taurari zai ga sauran taurarin suna motsawa, kamar suna tsakiyar faɗaɗawa.
Shaidar Ci Gaba
Bayan Dokar Hubble, akwai wasu shaidu da yawa da ke goyon bayan ka'idar faɗaɗa sararin samaniya. Ɗaya daga cikin shaidu masu ƙarfi shine hasken baya na microwave na sararin samaniya (CMB), wanda Arno Penzias da Robert Wilson suka fara gano a shekarar 1965. CMB shine ragowar hasken da ya fito daga Big Bang kuma yana yaɗuwa daidai gwargwado a ko'ina cikin sararin samaniya. Wannan lura yana goyon bayan ka'idar cewa da farko sararin samaniya yana da zafi sosai kuma yana da yawa, sannan ya faɗaɗa kuma ya sanyaya akan lokaci.
Wani abin lura da ke goyon bayan ka'idar faɗaɗawa shine manyan gine-gine a sararin samaniya: tarin taurari da manyan ƙungiyoyi. Tsarin faɗaɗawa yana annabta samuwar waɗannan gine-gine daga ƙananan canje-canje a cikin yawan abubuwa a sararin samaniya na farko, kuma lura da sararin samaniya zuwa yanzu ya yi daidai da wannan samfurin.
Makamashin Duhu: Tushen Ci Gaba
Wani abin mamaki kuma shi ne cewa faɗaɗar sararin samaniya ba wai kawai tana faruwa ba, har ma tana ƙaruwa. An fara gano wannan a ƙarshen shekarun 1990 ta hanyar lura da nau'in supernovae na Ia - taurari waɗanda ke fashewa da walƙiya mai haske sosai. Ƙungiyoyi biyu masu zaman kansu, Aikin Binciken Tsarin Halittar Duniya na Supernova da Ƙungiyar Binciken Supernova ta High-z, sun gano cewa supernovaes masu nisa sun yi rauni fiye da yadda aka zata, wanda ke nuna cewa sararin samaniya yana fuskantar faɗaɗawa cikin sauri.
Bayanin da aka fi yarda da shi game da wannan faɗaɗawar da aka yi shi ne wanzuwar "ƙarfin duhu," wani nau'in kuzari wanda ke mamaye kuzarin taro a sararin samaniya kuma yana hulɗa da nauyi. Duk da haka, ainihin yanayin wannan kuzarin duhu ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan asirai a kimiyyar lissafi ta zamani.
Tsarin Duniya na Gaba
Ganin gaskiyar lamarin, me za mu iya hasashen makomar duniya? Masana kimiyya suna la'akari da yanayi da dama da za su iya faruwa:
1. Babban Rip: Idan makamashin duhu ya ci gaba da hanzarta faɗaɗa sararin samaniya, ba wai kawai taurari ba, har ma da ƙwayoyin zarra da ƙananan ƙwayoyin zarra za su wargaje, a wani lamari da aka sani da "Babban Rip."
2. Babban Daskarewa: Wani madadin kuma shine "faɗaɗawa ta har abada," inda duniya ke ci gaba da faɗaɗawa da sanyi, har sai taurari sun mutu kuma komai ya ƙare a cikin yanayi mai sanyi da duhu, wanda aka sani da "Babban Daskarewa" ko "mutuwa mai zafi."
3. Babban Ciwo: Akwai kuma wani yanayi inda faɗaɗawa zai iya komawa ga matsewa, wanda zai haifar da "Babban Ciwo" -- duniya za ta koma wuri ɗaya.
4. Duniya Mai Juyawa: A wannan yanayin, duniya za ta iya fuskantar maimaita zagayowar faɗaɗawa da matsewa.
Duk da haka, binciken da aka yi a yanzu ya nuna cewa makamashin duhu zai ci gaba da mamaye, wanda ke nuna cewa "Babban Daskarewa" shine mafi yuwuwar yanayin.
Tambayoyin da Ba a Amsa ba
Duk da cewa an samu ci gaba sosai a fahimtarmu game da sararin samaniya mai faɗaɗawa, tambayoyi da yawa har yanzu ba a amsa su ba. Yanayin makamashin duhu, daidai yadda duniya ta fara da Babban Bango, da kuma ko akwai wani abu mai yawa ko a'a, kaɗan ne daga cikin fannoni na bincike mai zurfi.
Kammalawa
Manufar faɗaɗa sararin samaniya ta kawo sauyi a fannin sararin samaniya da falsafa. Daga lura da Edwin Hubble zuwa gano hasken baya na microwave na sararin samaniya da kuma nazarin makamashin duhu, duk shaidu sun nuna cewa sararin samaniyarmu yana faɗaɗa koyaushe. Duk da yake akwai asirai da yawa da za a warware, kowane mataki na gaba a fahimtarmu yana buɗe sabuwar taga zuwa ga wata gaskiya mai faɗi da zurfi ta sararin samaniya.
Wannan ilimin ba wai kawai ya gamsar da sha'awar kimiyya ba ne, har ma ya shafi jigogi masu zurfi game da asali da ƙaddarar sararin samaniya. A wata ma'ana, nazarin sararin samaniya tafiya ce ta ɗan adam don fahimtar matsayinmu a cikin sararin samaniya mai faɗi da rikitarwa, wani aiki da zai iya ci gaba muddin akwai taurari don haskaka sararin samaniyarmu ta dare.
