Ka'idoji a fannin Ilimin Harsunan Dan Adam
Ilimin halayyar ɗan adam na harshe wani reshe ne na kimiyya wanda ke nazarin harshe a matsayin aikin zamantakewa da al'adu. Hankalinsa ya wuce tsarin harshe (kamar nahawu ko ilimin sautuka), amma kuma kan yadda mutane ke amfani da harshe don gina ma'ana, tsara dangantakar zamantakewa, tattaunawa kan asali, da kuma kiyaye ko ƙalubalantar iko a rayuwar yau da kullun. Saboda harshe koyaushe yana wanzuwa a cikin mahallin, ilimin halayyar ɗan adam na harshe yana kuma bincika yanayin magana, ƙa'idodin sadarwa, dabi'un al'adu, tarihin mulkin mallaka, motsi, da fasahar da ke tsara yadda mutane ke magana da fahimtar magana. Don fahimtar wannan bambancin ra'ayoyi, ka'idoji da hanyoyi da yawa sun haɓaka kuma sun zama tushen nazarin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam na harshe. Ga wasu daga cikin mahimman ka'idoji da ake yawan amfani da su.
1. Dangantakar Harshe: Sapir-Whorf
Ka'idar dangantakar harshe, wacce galibi ake dangantawa da Edward Sapir da Benjamin Lee Whorf, ta bayyana cewa harshe yana da alaƙa da yadda mutane ke fahimtar duniya. A cikin sigar "ƙarfi" (ƙaddamar harshe), ana tunanin harshe ne ke tantance tunani. Sigar da aka fi yarda da ita ita ce sigar "marasa ƙarfi": harshe yana tasiri ga hankali, ɗabi'un tunani, da kuma yadda muke rarraba ƙwarewa.
A fannin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam na harshe, dangantakar harshe tana da amfani wajen bincika yadda rukunan nahawu, ƙamus, ko misalan al'adu ke tasiri kan yadda membobin al'umma ke fassara lokaci, sarari, launi, dangi, motsin rai, ko ɗabi'a. Wannan hanyar ba ta sanya harshe a matsayin "kurkuku na tunani ba," amma a matsayin kayan aikin al'adu wanda ke sa masu magana da shi su haskaka wasu fannoni na gaskiya. Binciken harsuna daban-daban kan kalmomin jagora, tsarin lambobi, ko suna na dangi sau da yawa yana ba da misalai na yadda harshe ke da alaƙa da tsarin ilimi.
2. Tsarin Gine-gine da Harshe a Matsayin Tsarin Alama
Tsarin harshe, wanda ya samo asali daga Ferdinand de Saussure, yana ɗaukar harshe a matsayin tsarin alamu waɗanda ma'anarsu ta dogara ne akan alaƙar da ke tsakanin abubuwan da ke cikin tsarin, ba ta hanyar dangantakarsu kai tsaye da duniya ba. Manufar ma'ana da ma'anarta ta jaddada cewa ma'anar dangantaka ce. Tsarin harshe ya yi tasiri sosai ga ilimin ɗan adam (misali, Claude Lévi-Strauss) a ganinsa cewa al'ada, gami da harshe, ta ƙunshi tsarin da za a iya nazari a kai.
A fannin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam na harshe, gadon tsarin yana bayyana a fili ta hanyar mai da hankali kan tsari, adawa tsakanin ɓangarorin biyu, da tsarin rarrabuwa. Ko da yake daga baya an soki shi da fifita "tsari" da rashin kulawa ga bambance-bambancen aiki, tsarin ya taimaka wajen samar da kayan aikin nazari don fahimtar daidaito a cikin bambancin harshe da al'adu.
3. Tarihin Sadarwa: Dell Hymes
Dell Hymes ya ƙirƙiro ilimin harshe na sadarwa a matsayin suka ga ilimin harshe, wanda ke bincika ƙwarewar nahawu kawai na masu magana. A cewar Hymes, don fahimtar harshe da gaske, muna buƙatar yin nazarin ƙwarewar sadarwa: ikon amfani da harshe yadda ya kamata a cikin mahallin zamantakewa da al'adu. Ya ƙirƙiri wani sanannen kayan aiki na nazari ta hanyar kalmar "SPEAKING" (Saitin/Wene, Mahalarta, Ƙarshe, Tsarin Aiki, Maɓalli, Kayan Aiki, Nau'i, Nau'i).
Wannan hanyar tana ƙarfafa masu bincike su shiga fagen lura da yadda mutane ke magana a cikin yanayin sadarwa na ainihi: bukukuwan gargajiya, tarurrukan ƙauye, hulɗar iyali, azuzuwan makaranta, kasuwanni, har ma da tattaunawa ta yanar gizo. Ilimin zamantakewa na sadarwa yana jaddada waɗannan ƙa'idodin "ladabi," zaɓin harshe, salon magana, da wanda zai iya magana da kuma lokacin da duk wani ɓangare ne na tsarin zamantakewa. A wata ma'anar, harshe ba wai kawai kayan aiki ne na isar da saƙonni ba, har ma da hanyar daidaita rayuwar al'umma.
4. Ka'idar Dokar Magana: Austin da Searle
Ka'idar aikin magana ta bayyana cewa lokacin da wani ya yi magana, ba wai kawai yana "faɗi" wani abu ba, har ma yana "yi" wani abu. J.L. Austin ya gabatar da bambanci tsakanin ayyukan lacutionary (abin da aka faɗa), ayyukan ƙarya (aikin/nufin aikin, kamar ba da umarni ko alƙawari), da ayyukan ɓata lokaci (tasirin mai sauraro). Daga baya John Searle ya ƙirƙiro rarrabuwar ayyukan magana kamar umarni, umarni, ayyukan wakilci, ayyukan bayyana ra'ayi, da ayyukan bayyana ra'ayi.
A fannin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam na harshe, ana amfani da ka'idar aikin magana don yin nazarin ayyukan zamantakewa kamar rantsuwa ta al'ada, addu'o'i, la'ana, bukukuwan sunaye, kwangilolin aure, umarnin matsayi, da tattaunawa a wuraren jama'a. Yana mai da hankali kan yanayin farin ciki: lokacin da furci ya kasance "mai inganci" kuma an gane shi. Wannan ya bayyana cewa iko, cibiyoyi, da ƙa'idodin al'adu suna tantance ko kalmomi suna da tasirin zamantakewa.
5. Binciken Mu'amala da Tattaunawa
Nazarin hulɗa da tattaunawa ta alama (CA) yana bincika yadda ake gina tsarin zamantakewa a matakin ƙaramin ta hanyar hulɗa ta yau da kullun. CA tana mai da hankali kan ɗaukar lokaci, dakatarwa, katsewa, gyarawa, dariya, jaddadawa, da haɗin gwiwa kamar gaisuwa da amsoshi ko tambayoyi da amsoshi.
Ga ilimin halayyar ɗan adam na harshe, wannan hanyar tana da mahimmanci domin tana nuna cewa al'adun gargajiya ba koyaushe suke bayyana a matsayin ƙa'idodi bayyanannu ba, amma a maimakon haka suna cikin halaye masu maimaitawa na mu'amala. Misali, yadda mutane ke ƙin buƙata a kaikaice, yadda suke nuna girmamawa ta hanyar zaɓar kalmomi, ko kuma yadda suke kula da abokan hulɗarsu na tattaunawa. Ta hanyar nazarin bayanan tattaunawa dalla-dalla, masu bincike za su iya ganin yadda ake tattaunawa kan asali, iko, da haɗin kai lokaci-lokaci.
6. Tsarin Aiki, Indicativeity, da Mahalli
Pragmatics yana nazarin ma'anar furci bisa ga mahallin da aka yi amfani da su. Wani muhimmin ra'ayi a fannin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam na harshe shine fihirisa: ikon abubuwan harshe (misali, karin magana, matakan magana, lafazi, ko zaɓin kalmomi) don "nuna" wasu yanayi na zamantakewa, kamar matsayi, saba, jinsi, ƙabila, ko hali.
Michael Silverstein ya ƙarfafa mayar da hankali kan ma'anar bayanai kuma ya nuna cewa ma'anar zamantakewa ta harshe ba tsaka-tsaki ba ce. Salon magana na iya nuna "ilimi," "ƙasa," "mai kyau," ko "na yau da kullun," ya danganta da akidar harshe da ke gudana. Ta wannan hanyar, ilimin ɗan adam na harshe yana bincika yadda mutane ke amfani da bambancin harshe don daidaita kansu, ƙirƙirar nesa, gina haɗin kai, ko nuna alaƙar ƙungiya.
7. Akidar Harshe da Ƙarfi
Ka'idar akidar harshe ta jaddada cewa imani da al'umma game da harshe—abin da ake ɗauka a matsayin "daidai," "kyakkyawa," "laushi," ko "ƙasa”—suna da alaƙa da siyasa da iko ta asali. Akidar harshe na iya yin tasiri ga manufofin ilimi, daidaita daidaito, ƙasƙantar da yaruka, da kuma damar tattalin arziki na masu magana.
A cikin mahallin harsuna da yawa, akidar harshe tana bayyana dalilin da yasa ake tallata wasu harsuna a matsayin harsunan hukuma yayin da ake warewa harsunan gida. Hakanan yana taimakawa wajen bincika yadda mulkin mallaka, gina ƙasa, da kuma duniya baki ɗaya ke tsara tsarin harsuna. Masu bincike sau da yawa suna bincika tattaunawar kafofin watsa labarai, manufofin gwamnati, ayyukan makaranta, da gogewar masu magana da tsiraru don ganin yadda ake sake haifar da rashin daidaito ta hanyar harshe - ko kuma a magance ta ta hanyar farfaɗo da harshe da ƙungiyoyin asali.
8. Aiki, Asali, da Salo
Ka'idar aiki - wacce masu tunani kamar Judith Butler suka yi tasiri sosai a nazarin jinsi - ta magance ra'ayin cewa asali ba wani abu ne da aka "gyara ba," amma an samar da shi ta hanyar ayyuka akai-akai, gami da ayyukan harshe. A cikin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam na harshe, nazarin salo yana bincika yadda masu magana ke zaɓar takamaiman rajista, kalamai, harshe mai gauraya, ko sautin murya don "gabatar" da kansu: a matsayin ƙuruciya, ƙwararru, addini, zamani, gargajiya, da sauransu.
Wannan hanyar tana da matuƙar muhimmanci wajen nazarin abubuwan da suka faru a birane da na dijital: haɗa lambobi, kalamai, memes, da kuma nau'ikan harsunan kafofin watsa labarun. Ana fahimtar harshe a matsayin hanya don gina halayen mutane da hanyoyin sadarwar zamantakewa. Don haka, ana ɗaukar asali a matsayin mai ƙarfi da kuma abin tattaunawa, ba kawai lakabi ba.
9. Ilimin zamantakewa da bambancin ɗan adam
Duk da cewa ilimin zamantakewa galibi ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin fanni daban, yana cikin al'adar ilimin ɗan adam ta harshe, yana kuma nazarin bambancin harshe da ya shafi matsayin zamantakewa, ƙabila, shekaru, hanyoyin abota, da motsi. Babban abin da ya fi damunsa ba wai kawai bambancin yana wanzu ba ne, amma dalilin da ya sa yake da ma'ana da kuma yadda mutane ke kimanta shi. Ana ɗaukar bambancin a matsayin wata al'ada ta zamantakewa da ta shafi tarihin gida, ƙaura, da alaƙar ƙungiyoyi daban-daban.
Wannan hanyar tana taimakawa wajen fahimtar sauyin harshe da kuma yadda wasu nau'ikan harshe ke tashi zuwa matsayin "daidaitacce" yayin da wasu kuma ke fuskantar tsangwama. Wannan binciken kuma yakan tabo batutuwan ilimi, samun damar aiki, da wariya.
Penutup
Ka'idoji a fannin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam na harshe sun nuna cewa harshe ba shi da rabuwa da rayuwar zamantakewa. Dangantakar harshe tana taimakawa wajen bayyana alaƙar da ke tsakanin harshe da hanyoyin fahimtar duniya; tsarin harshe yana samar da kayan aiki don karanta harshe a matsayin tsari; ilimin halayyar sadarwa yana jaddada mahimmancin mahallin al'adu; ka'idar aikin magana tana nuna cewa furuci ayyuka ne; nazarin tattaunawa yana bayyana tsarin zamantakewa a matakin ƙananan; pragmatic da indexicality suna bayyana ma'anar zamantakewa da ke cikin zaɓin harshe; akidar harshe tana nuna girman iko; yayin da aiki da salon rubutu suna nuna harshe a matsayin hanyar gina asali.
Ta hanyar haɗa waɗannan ka'idoji, ilimin halayyar ɗan adam na harshe zai iya yin nazari sosai kan abubuwan da suka shafi harshe: daga tattaunawa ta yau da kullun zuwa manufofin gwamnati, daga al'adun gargajiya zuwa sadarwa ta dijital. A ƙarshe, wannan binciken yana tunatar da mu cewa fahimtar harshe yana nufin fahimtar mutane - salon rayuwarsu, dabi'un da suke riƙewa, da kuma alaƙar zamantakewa da suke ginawa.
