Hanyoyin Nazarin Rubutu a Nazarin Ilimin Dan Adam
A fannin ilmin ɗan adam, "rubutu" ba koyaushe yana nufin rubutu a cikin ma'anar kunkuntar ba. Rubuce-rubuce na iya haɗawa da tarihin mulkin mallaka, bayanan filin, rubuce-rubucen hira, littattafai masu tsarki, waƙoƙin waƙa, rubuce-rubucen kafofin watsa labarun, memes, har ma da tattaunawa ta yau da kullun da aka rubuta. Ilimin ɗan adam yana ɗaukar rubuce-rubuce a matsayin alamun ma'ana da aka samar, aka yaɗa, aka yi muhawara a kai, kuma aka yi shawarwari a rayuwar zamantakewa. Saboda haka, nazarin rubutu kayan aiki ne mai mahimmanci don fahimtar yadda al'umma ke gina asali, iko, ɗabi'a, da ilimi.
Binciken rubutu a fannin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam yana da nufin haɗa kalmomi da mahallin: wanda ke magana, wa yake magana, a wane yanayi, yana amfani da wani abu, da kuma sakamakon zamantakewa da ke tasowa daga magana ko rubutu. Ba kamar hanyoyin da ke bincika "abin da ke ciki" na rubutu kawai ba, ilimin halayyar ɗan adam yana yawan tambayar tsarin samar da rubutu, dangantakar iko da ke tare da shi, da kuma yadda ake amfani da rubutun don ayyukan zamantakewa.
1. Nazarin Abubuwan da ke Ciki
Binciken abun ciki hanya ce da ke gano jigogi, rukunoni, da kuma tsarin faruwar kalmomi ko ra'ayoyi a cikin tarin rubuce-rubuce. A fannin ilimin ɗan adam, ana amfani da nazarin abun ciki sau da yawa don zana wakilcin takamaiman dabi'u ko batutuwa - misali, yadda kafofin watsa labarai na gida ke kwatanta baƙi, yadda takardun gwamnati ke kiran "talauci," ko yadda al'ummomin kan layi ke tattauna jinsi.
Wannan hanyar na iya zama adadi (ƙirga mitar kalmomi/jigo) ko kuma inganci (fassarar rukunoni a zurfafa). Amfaninta shine yana taimaka wa masu bincike su ƙirƙiri taswirorin jigo na tsari daga manyan bayanai. Duk da haka, rashin amfanin sa shine haɗarin rage ma'ana idan aka yi watsi da yanayin zamantakewa da kuma ilimin harshe. A fannin ilimin ɗan adam, ana ƙara wa nazarin abun ciki ilimi na al'adu don tabbatar da cewa rukunonin da aka ƙirƙira sun yi daidai da yadda al'ummomin yankin suka fahimci kalmomin.
2. Nazarin Tattaunawa
Binciken tattaunawa yana ɗaukar harshe a matsayin wani aiki na zamantakewa wanda ke tsara gaskiya, ba wai kawai nuna ta ba. Masu bincike suna bincika yadda wasu tattaunawa ke zama "masu ma'ana," na al'ada, ko kuma masu rinjaye, da kuma yadda wasu ke zama marasa amfani. A cikin ilimin ɗan adam na siyasa da nazarin ci gaba, misali, ana amfani da nazarin tattaunawa don bincika yadda ake samar da kalmomi kamar "ƙarfafawa," "zamantakewa," ko "tsattsauran ra'ayi" a cikin takardu da jawabai na manufofi, don haka suna shafar shirye-shiryen zamantakewa da shirye-shirye.
Binciken tattaunawa ya kuma mayar da hankali kan matsayin batutuwa: wanda ake ɗaukarsa a matsayin wanda aka ba wa izinin yin magana, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin "matsalar," da kuma yadda dangantakar iko ke aiki ta hanyar zaɓar kalmomi, misalai, da tsarin jayayya. Wannan hanyar tana da amfani musamman don gano zato da ke ɓoye a bayan harshe na hukuma da na jama'a.
3. Nazarin Labarai
Mutane suna fahimtar duniya ta hanyar labarai: labaran asali, abubuwan da suka faru na rashin lafiya, tafiye-tafiyen rayuwa, ko labaran nasara da gazawa. Nazarin labari yana nazarin yadda aka tsara labarai, aka ƙirƙiri makirci, aka sanya haruffa a wurinsu, da kuma ɗabi'un da aka tsara. A fannin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam na likitanci, misali, nazarin labari yana taimakawa wajen fahimtar yadda marasa lafiya ke fassara rashin lafiyarsu - ko a matsayin "gwaji," "la'ana," ko "sakamakon aiki" - wanda daga nan yake tasiri ga zaɓin magani.
Wannan hanyar tana jaddada tsari da aikin labarin, ba kawai gaskiyar ba. Masu bincike suna tambaya: waɗanne sassa aka jaddada, waɗanne sassa aka cire, yadda aka gina motsin rai, da kuma yadda labarin ya yi daidai da ƙa'idodin al'adu. Sakamakon sau da yawa yana bayyana alaƙa tsakanin abubuwan da suka faru na mutum da kuma manyan tsarin zamantakewa.
4. Nazarin Alamomin Semiotics da Alamomin
Nazarin Semiotics yana nazarin alamu, alamomi, da kuma yadda ake samun ma'ana ta hanyar alaƙar da ke tsakanin ma'anoni (siffofi) da ma'anoni masu ma'ana (ra'ayoyi). A fannin ilimin ɗan adam, hanyar alama tana ɗaukar rubutu a matsayin hanyoyin sadarwa na alamu waɗanda ke nufin tsarin ƙima da sararin samaniya. Misalai sun haɗa da nazarin ma'anar alama a cikin mantras, taken al'ada, ko girmamawa waɗanda ke nuna matsayi na zamantakewa.
A aikace, nazarin semiotic ba wai kawai ya ƙunshi karanta "ma'anar" alamomi ba, har ma da bincika yadda alamomi ke aiki a wasu yanayi: lokacin da aka yi amfani da su, ta wa, da kuma yadda masu sauraro ke amsawa. Alamar iri ɗaya na iya samun ma'anoni daban-daban dangane da mahallin, don haka masu bincike suna buƙatar kwatanta amfani da alamomi a cikin al'amuran zamantakewa.
5. Fassarar Harshe da Zurfin Fassarori
An gina fassarar ta hanyar amfani da ma'anar kalmomi bisa ga ra'ayin cewa fahimtar rubutu tsari ne mai matakai da yawa na fassara. Masana ilimin ɗan adam waɗanda ke amfani da fassarar kalmomi suna ƙoƙarin shiga duniyar ma'anar mai magana ko marubuci, yayin da suke gane cewa mai bincike yana kawo fahimtarsu. Wannan hanyar ta dace da rubuce-rubuce masu rikitarwa kamar rubuce-rubucen addini, tatsuniyoyi, ko ayyukan adabi na gida, inda ma'anar ba koyaushe take bayyana ba.
Ikon fassara yana cikin karatu mai zurfi: mai da hankali ga shubuhohi, sabani, da tarihin fassarar rubutu. Duk da haka, fassarar ma'ana tana buƙatar babban matakin tunani don masu bincike kada su "sanya" ma'anoni daga waje. A fannin ilimin ɗan adam, ana haɗa fassarar ma'ana tare da nazarin al'adu don bincika yadda mutane ke fassara rubutu a cikin ayyukan yau da kullun.
6. Nazarin Tattaunawa da Tarihin Sadarwa
Idan an fahimci rubuce-rubuce a matsayin bayanan hulɗa, to nazarin tattaunawa da kuma nazarin zamantakewa na sadarwa ya zama dole. Binciken tattaunawa yana bincika ƙananan bayanai kamar ɗaukar lokaci, dakatarwa, dariya, gyarawa, da dabarun katsewa. Waɗannan bayanai na iya bayyana alaƙar zamantakewa, iko, ladabi, ko ma rikici ɓoyayye.
A gefe guda kuma, nazarin ƙa'idodin sadarwa yana jaddada ƙa'idodin al'adu na magana: lokacin da za a yi magana kai tsaye, lokacin da za a yi magana a yanayi, wa zai iya sukar wa, da kuma yadda salon harshe ke nuna matsayi. A fannin ilimin ɗan adam, wannan hanyar tana taimakawa wajen fahimtar cewa "ma'ana" ba wai kawai tana cikin kalmomi ba, har ma da yadda ake magana da su, lokaci, da kuma yanayin da ake magana da su.
7. Binciken Tarihi da Taskar Tarihi
Rubuce-rubucen tarihi - rahotannin mulkin mallaka, tsoffin jaridu, bayanan mishan, ko takardun kotu - sau da yawa suna zama wuraren shiga don fahimtar canjin zamantakewa. Nazarin tarihi a fannin ilimin ɗan adam yana bincika rubuce-rubuce a matsayin samfuran wani zamani, wanda ke ɗauke da son zuciya, sha'awa, da nau'ikan ilimi da suka shafi wancan lokacin. Misali, hanyoyin mulkin mallaka na rarraba ƙabila ko al'adu na iya tsara siyasar asali har zuwa yau.
Wannan hanyar tana buƙatar suka daga tushe: tambayar wanene marubucin, don wace manufa aka ƙirƙiri takardar, wa aka bar shi a cikin tarihi, da kuma yadda harshen gudanarwa ke samar da "gaskiya" wanda a lokacin ake ɗaukarsa a matsayin manufa. Don haka, taskoki ba wai kawai ma'ajiyar gaskiya ba ne, amma fage ne na iko da wakilci.
8. Hanyar Dijital: Nazarin Rubutu Mai Taimakon Lissafi
A cikin yanayin zamani, masana ilimin ɗan adam suna ƙara fuskantar manyan bayanai na rubutu: sharhin kafofin sada zumunta, dandalin tattaunawa na al'umma, ko labaran kan layi. Hanyoyin lissafi kamar ƙirar batutuwa, nazarin ra'ayi, ko hanyoyin sadarwa na kalmomi na iya taimakawa wajen gano alamu gama gari. Duk da haka, masana ilimin ɗan adam galibi suna jaddada cewa sakamakon lissafi yana buƙatar a fassara shi ta hanyar al'adu: dalilin da yasa wasu batutuwa ke fitowa, yadda ba'a da izgili ke aiki, da kuma yanayin al'adu da ke bayan "jin daɗi."
Sau da yawa ana amfani da hanyar hanyoyi daban-daban: masu bincike suna amfani da kayan aikin dijital don tsara zane-zane, sannan su gudanar da karatun manyan misalan, tare da yin tambayoyi ko lura don gwada fassarori.
Matakai Masu Amfani a Nazarin Rubutu na Anthropological
Gabaɗaya, nazarin rubutu a cikin nazarin ilimin ɗan adam zai iya bin waɗannan matakan: (1) tantance tambayar bincike da nau'in rubutu mai dacewa; (2) tattara bayanai da tabbatar da ɗabi'a, musamman ga rubuce-rubuce masu zaman kansu ko al'ummomin da ke cikin haɗari; (3) rubuta bayanai da tsara su; (4) ƙirƙirar lambobin farko da nau'ikan jigogi; (5) fassara alamu ta hanyar haɗa su da mahallin dangantaka ta zamantakewa, tarihi, da iko; (6) tabbatarwa ta hanyar triangulation - misali, kwatanta rubutu tare da lura da filin da tambayoyi; (7) rubuta sakamakon da tunani mai zurfi, wato sanin matsayin mai bincike a cikin tsarin fassara.
Penutup
Hanyoyin nazarin rubutu a fannin ilmin ɗan adam sun dogara ne akan ƙa'ida ɗaya: rubutu aiki ne na zamantakewa wanda ba za a iya raba shi da mahallin rayuwar ɗan adam ba. Binciken abun ciki yana taimakawa tsarin taswira, nazarin tattaunawa yana gano dangantakar iko, nazarin labari yana fahimtar ƙwarewa ta hanyar labarai, semiotics yana karanta alamomi da alamomi, fassarar tatsuniya tana jaddada zurfafan fassarar, nazarin tattaunawa yana warware yanayin hulɗa, nazarin tarihi yana bin diddigin tarihin wakilci, kuma hanyoyin dijital suna buɗe yiwuwar karanta manyan bayanai. Ta hanyar haɗa waɗannan hanyoyin da tunani, ilimin ɗan adam zai iya kama ma'anar rayuwa - ba kawai ma'anar rubutu ba - kuma ya bayyana yadda harshe da rubutu ke ba da gudummawa ga tsara duniyar zamantakewa.
