Basis natuerkunde tutorials

As wy goed sjogge, is de reek fan 'e ferbaarning yn earste ynstânsje te sjen. Nei in skoftke is de reek net mear te sjen. Hawwe jo in parfum brûkt? Sels as jo parfum yn 'e keamer spuite, kinne oare minsken dy't bûten it hûs binne ek de rook fan 'e parfum fiele. As de mem lekker en appetitlik iten yn 'e keuken kookt, kin de aroma fan it koken ek fanút it hûs fan in buorman field wurde. Wêrom is dat?

Der binne in soad oare foarbylden. As jo ​​in pear drippen inket yn in glês mei dúdlik wetter dogge, sil inket of kleurstof lykmatig troch it wetter ferspriede. Dit bart automatysk. Guon eardere foarbylden binne diffúzje-eveneminten dy't faak yn it deistich libben meimakke wurde. Diffúzje is it proses fan it ferpleatsen fan stoffen fan in hege konsintraasje nei in lege konsintraasje. Wat bedoeld wurdt mei konsintraasje is it oantal molekulen/mol fan in stof per folume. In plak mei hege konsintraasje is in plak dêr't in protte molekulen fan stoffen per folume binne. Omkeard binne lege konsintraasjes plakken dêr't mar in pear molekulen per folume binne.

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Energy in a monatomic ideal gas

The energy in the monatomic ideal gas is the total amount of translational kinetic energy of monatomic ideal gas molecules. The total amount of translational kinetic energy of the ideal gas molecules = the product of the average translational kinetic energy of each molecule and the number of molecules (N). Mathematically:

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De enerzjy-ekwiferdielingstelling waard teoretysk ôflaat troch Clerk Maxwell mei help fan statistyske meganika. It wurdt in stelling neamd, om't der gjin bewiis is troch eksperiminten. De enerzjyferdieling betsjut gelikense ferdieling fan enerzjy.

KE = gemiddelde translasjonele kinetyske enerzjy fan gasmolekulen (Joule)

k = Boltzmann's konstante = 1.38 x 10^-23 J / K

T = absolute temperatuer fan it ideale gasmolekule (Kelvin)

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Neist druk is ien fan 'e hoemannichten dy't de makroskopyske aard fan gas oanjaan temperatuer (T). Gasdrukfergeliking:

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De kDe kinetyske teory stelt dat elke stof bestiet út atomen of molekulen en dat it atoom of molekule kontinu soarchleas beweecht. Dizze oanname fan 'e kinetyske teory komt oerien mei de situaasje en tastân fan it atoom of molekule fan it gasbestanddiel. De oanlûkingskrêft tusken de atomen of molekulen dy't it gas foarmje is swak, sadat de atomen of molekulen frij bewege kinne.

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Article Boyle’s law, Charles’s law, Gay-Lussac’s law

De wet fan Boyle

Robert Boyle (1627-1691) conducted experiments to investigate the quantitative relationship between gas pressure and volume. This experiment is carried out by inserting a certain amount of gas into a closed container. Until a pretty good approach, he found that if the gas temperature was kept constant, then when the gas pressure increased, the gas volume was reduced. Likewise, when the gas pressure decreases, the gas volume increases. Gas pressure is inversely proportional to gas volume. This relationship is known as Boyle’s Law. Mathematically:

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De gaswetten fan Boyle, de wet fan Charles en Gay-Lussac jilde net foar alle gasomstannichheden, sadat ús analyze dreger wurdt. Dêrom presintearre it ideale gasmodel. Ideaal gas bestiet net yn it deistich libben; it ideale gas is de perfekte foarm om analyze te fasilitearjen. It bestean fan dit ideale gaskonsept helpt ús ek echt by it besjen fan 'e relaasje tusken de trije wetten fan gas.

De relaasje tusken temperatuer, folume en gasdruk

Troch te ferwizen nei de trije gaswetten hjirboppe, kinne wy ​​in algemiener relaasje ôfliede tusken temperatuer, folume en gasdruk.

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De spesifike útspraak fan 'e twadde wet fan 'e termodynamika kin net alle ûnomkearbere prosessen beskriuwe, dus wy hawwe in algemiene útspraak nedich. Dizze algemiene útspraak wurdt ferwachte alle ûnomkearbere prosessen te ferklearjen dy't yn it universum plakfine. De algemiene útspraak fan 'e twadde wet fan 'e termodynamika waard formulearre yn 'e midden fan 'e njoggentjinde iuw, troch in kwantiteit neamd entropie (S). Entropie waard earst yntrodusearre troch Clausius en waard formulearre út 'e Carnot-syklus (perfekte kaloryske motor). Neffens Clausius wurde entropieferoarings ûnderfûn troch in systeem as it systeem ekstra waarmte (Q) krijt by in konstante temperatuer, wat wurdt fertsjintwurdige troch de fergeliking:

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Article about Coefficient of performance of the cooling machine

A cooling machine is a machine that takes heat from a low-temperature place, then transfers it to a high-temperature area. For this process to happen, the machine must do the work because the heat naturally flows from high temperature to low temperature. This is by Clausius’s statement:

It is impossible for a cooling machine to transfer heat from a low-temperature place to a high-temperature place, without work (Second law of thermodynamics—Clausius statement).

The machine works (W) to transfer heat, from low temperature (Q_L) to high temperature (Q_H). Based on conservation of energy, Q_L + W = Q_H.

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To find out how to increase the efficiency of de waarmte engine, a French scientist named Sadi Carnot (1796-1832) examined an ideal theoretical caloric machine in 1824. At that time, the first law of thermodynamics had not been formulated, nor the second law of thermodynamics. The first law has not been formulated because scientists do not yet know that heat is energy. After Joule and his colleagues experimented in the 1830s, scientists discovered heat is energy that moves due to temperature differences. So, the first law of thermodynamics was formulated after 1830. Sadi Carnot had been researching the theoretical ideal caloric engine in 1824. His research was actually to increase the efficiency of the steam engine. Most steam engines of that time were less efficient.

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